Chronological timeline of texts tagged with Septuagint Difficulties
About This Tag
The Septuagint, the most notable Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, often faced challenges and struggled inconsistencies with its translation. Since Hebrew and Greek are very different languages, these translators sometimes struggled to capture the correct or primary meaning of their source text. This led to variations in wording, ambiguous or missing phrases, and sometimes differences in theology.
Note: Dates shown in this timeline are approximate and based on scholarly estimates.
Back to TagGenesis 3:5 / LXX Genesis 3:5
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 3:5
Hebrew Bible
2 The woman said to the serpent, “We may eat of the fruit from the trees of the orchard; 3 but concerning the fruit of the tree that is in the middle of the orchard God said, ‘You must not eat from it, and you must not touch it, or else you will die.’” 4 The serpent said to the woman, “Surely you will not die, 5 for God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will open and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.” 6 When the woman saw that the tree produced fruit that was good for food, was attractive to the eye, and was desirable for making one wise, she took some of its fruit and ate it. She also gave some of it to her husband who was with her, and he ate it.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 3:5
Septuagint
2 And the woman said to the snake, “We shall eat of the fruit of the tree of the orchard, 3 but of the fruit of the tree that is in the middle of the orchard, God said, ‘You shall not eat of it nor shall you even touch it, lest you die.’“ 4 And the snake said to the woman, “You will not die by death, 5 for God knew that on the day you eat of it, your eyes would be opened, and you would be like gods knowing good and evil.” 6 And the woman saw that the tree was good for food and that it was pleasing for the eyes to look at and it was beautiful to contemplate, and when she had taken of its fruit she ate, and she also gave some to her husband with her, and they ate.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 3:15
Hebrew Bible
14 The Lord God said to the serpent, “Because you have done this, cursed are you above all the cattle and all the living creatures of the field! On your belly you will crawl and dust you will eat all the days of your life. 15 And I will put hostility between you and the woman and between your offspring and her offspring; he will strike your head, and you will strike his heel.” 16 To the woman he said, “I will greatly increase your labor pains; with pain you will give birth to children. You will want to control your husband, but he will dominate you.”
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 3:15
Septuagint
14 And the Lord God said to the snake, “Because you have done this, cursed are you from all the domestic animals and from all the wild animals of the earth; upon your chest and belly you shall go, and earth you shall eat all the days of your life. 15 And I will put enmity between you and between the woman and between your offspring and between her offspring; he will watch your head, and you will watch his heel.” 16 And to the woman he said, “I will increasingly increase your pains and your groaning; with pains you will bring forth children. And you will return to your husband, and he will dominate you.”
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 3:16
Hebrew Bible
15 And I will put hostility between you and the woman and between your offspring and her offspring; he will strike your head, and you will strike his heel.” 16 To the woman he said, “I will greatly increase your labor pains; with pain you will give birth to children. You will want to control your husband, but he will dominate you.” 17 But to Adam he said, “Because you obeyed the voice of52 your wife and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, ‘You must not eat from it,’ the ground is cursed because of you; in painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 3:16
Septuagint
15 And I will put enmity between you and between the woman and between your offspring and between her offspring; he will watch your head, and you will watch his heel.” 16 And to the woman he said, “I will increasingly increase your pains and your groaning; with pains you will bring forth children. And you will return to your husband, and he will dominate you.” 17 Then to Adam he said, “Because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten from the tree of which I commanded you, of this one alone, not to eat from it, cursed is the earth in your labors; with pains you will eat it all the days of your life;
150-100 B.C.E.
Jubilees 3:24
Pseudepigrapha
23 The Lord cursed the serpent and was angry at it forever. At the woman, too, he was angry because she had listened to the serpent and eaten. 24 He said to her: 'I will indeed multiply your sadness and your pain. Bear children in sadness. Your place of refuge will be with your husband; he will rule over you.' 25 Then he said to Adam: 'Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree from which I commanded you not to eat, may the ground be cursed on account of you. May it grow thorns and thistles for you. Eat your food in the sweat of your face until you return to the earth from which you were taken. For earth you are and to the earth you will return.'
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 3:23
Hebrew Bible
22 And the Lord God said, “Now that the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil, he must not be allowed to stretch out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever.” 23 So the Lord God expelled him from the orchard in Eden to cultivate the ground from which he had been taken. 24 When he drove the man out, he placed on the eastern side of the orchard in Eden angelic sentries who used the flame of a whirling sword to guard the way to the tree of life.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 3:23
Septuagint
22 Then God said, “See, Adam has become like one of us, knowing good and evil, and now perhaps he might reach out his hand and take of the tree of life and eat, and he will live forever.” 23 And the Lord God sent him forth from the orchard of delight to till the earth from which he was taken. 24 And he drove Adam out and caused him to dwell opposite the orchard of delight, and he stationed the cheroubim and the flaming sword that turns, to guard the way of the tree of life.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 7:4
Hebrew Bible
2 You must take with you seven pairs of every kind of clean animal, the male and its mate, two of every kind of unclean animal, the male and its mate, 3 and also seven pairs of every kind of bird in the sky, male and female, to preserve their offspring on the face of the entire earth. 4 For in seven days I will cause it to rain on the earth for 40 days and 40 nights, and I will wipe from the face of the ground every living thing that I have made.” 5 And Noah did all that the Lord commanded him. 6 Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters engulfed the earth.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 7:4
Septuagint
2 And bring in to you seven by seven some of the clean domestic animals, male and female, but two by two some of the domestic animals that are not clean, male and female, 3 and seven by seven some of the clean birds of the sky, male and female, and two by two some of the birds that are not clean, male and female, to sustain offspring upon all the earth. 4 For within seven more days I am going to bring rain on the earth for forty days and forty nights, and every thing that rises up, which I have made, I will wipe out from the face of the earth.” 5 And Noe did all that the Lord God had commanded him. 6 Now Noe was six hundred years of age, and the flood of water came on the earth.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 14:15
Hebrew Bible
14 When Abram heard that his nephew had been taken captive, he mobilized his 318 trained men who had been born in his household, and he pursued the invaders as far as Dan. 15 Then, during the night, Abram divided his forces against them and defeated them. He chased them as far as Hobah, which is north of Damascus. 16 He retrieved all the stolen property. He also brought back his nephew Lot and his possessions, as well as the women and the rest of the people. 17 After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet Abram in the Valley of Shaveh (known as the King’s Valley).
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 14:15
Septuagint
14 And when Abram heard that his kinsman Lot had been taken captive, he counted his own homebreds, three hundred eighteen, and chased after them as far as Dan. 15 And he fell upon them during the night, he and his servants, and smote them and chased them away to Choba, which is on the left of Damascus. 16 Then he brought back all the cavalry of Sodoma, and he brought back his kinsman Lot and his pos- sessions and the women and the people. 17 Now after he had returned from the slaughter of Chodollogomor and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodoma went out to meet him at the valley of Saue (this was the plain of a king).
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 21:6
Hebrew Bible
4 When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him just as God had commanded him to do. 5 (Now Abraham was one hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.) 6 Sarah said, “God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears about this will laugh with me.” 7 She went on to say, “Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have given birth to a son for him in his old age!”
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 21:6
Septuagint
4 And Abraam circumcised Isaak on the eighth day, as God had commanded him. 5 Now Abraam was a hundred years of age when his son Isaak was born to him. 6 And Sarra said, “The Lord has made laughter for me, for anyone who hears will congratulate me.” 7 And she said, “Who will re- port to Abraam that Sarra is nursing a child? For I have borne a son in my old age.”
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 29:26
Hebrew Bible
25 In the morning Jacob discovered it was Leah! So Jacob said to Laban, “What in the world have you done to me? Didn’t I work for you in exchange for Rachel? Why have you tricked me?” 26 “It is not our custom here,” Laban replied, “to give the younger daughter in marriage before the firstborn. 27 Complete my older daughter’s bridal week. Then we will give you the younger one too, in exchange for seven more years of work.”
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 29:26
Septuagint
25 Then morning came, and there was Leia! And Iakob said to Laban, “What is this you have done to me? Was I not sub- ject to you for Rachel? And why have you deceived me?” 26 And Laban said, “It is not possible thus in our locality to give the younger before the elder. 27 Therefore finish the heptada of this one, and I will give you this one also in return for work that you shall do at my place for yet another seven years.”
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 32:28
Hebrew Bible
26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 32:28
Septuagint
26 And he said to him, “Send me away, for the dawn has come up.” But he said, “I will not send you away, unless you bless me.” 27 And he said to him, “What is your name?” And he said, “Iakob.” 28 Then he said to him, “Your name shall no longer be called Iakob, but Israel shall be your name, because you have been strong with god, and with humans you are powerful.” 29 Then Iakob asked and said, “Tell me your name.” And he said, “Why do you ask this, my name?” And there he blessed him.
100-50 B.C.E.
Wisdom of Solomon 10:12
Deuterocanon
11 When his oppressors were covetous, she stood by him and made him rich. 12 She protected Jacob from his enemies, and kept him safe from those who lay in wait for him; in his arduous contest she gave him the victory, so that he might learn that godliness is more powerful than anything else. 13 When a righteous man was sold, wisdom did not desert him, but delivered him from sin. She descended with him into the dungeon,
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 49:5
Hebrew Bible
4 You are destructive like water and will not excel, for you got on your father’s bed, then you defiled it—he got on my couch! 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives! 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 49:5
Septuagint
4 You became wanton like water; do not boil over. For you went up upon your father’s bed; then you defiled the couch where you went up! 5 Symeon and Leui are brothers; they put an end to lawlessness from their midst. 6 May my soul not come into their council, and may my inward parts not press in on their company, because in their anger they killed men and in their passion they hamstrung a bull.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 49:10
Hebrew Bible
9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him? 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him. 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine, he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 49:10
Septuagint
9 A lion’s whelp cyou arec, Ioudas; from a shoot, my son, you went up. When you reclined, you slept like a lion and like a whelp. Who will rouse him? 10 A ruler shall not be wanting from Ioudas and a leader from his thighs until the things stored up for him come, and he is the expectation of nations. 11 Binding his foal to a vine and his donkey’s foal to the tendril, he shall wash his robe in wine and his garment in the blood of a bunch of grapes;
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Exodus 21:6
Hebrew Bible
5 But if the servant should declare, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,’ 6 then his master must bring him to the gods13, and he will bring him to the door or the doorpost, and his master will pierce his ear with an awl, and he shall serve him forever. 7 “If a man sells his daughter as a female servant, she will not go out as the male servants do.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Exodus 21:6
Septuagint
5 But if the male servant says in reply, “I have come to love my master and my wife and my children. I do not want to depart a free man,” 6 then his master will bring him to the place of God’s judgment and will bring him up to the door, up to the doorpost, and his master will pierce his ear with an awl, and he will serve him forever. 7 But whenever a person sells his own daughter as a household slave, she will not go out as the slaves go free.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Leviticus 11:17
Hebrew Bible
13 “‘These you are to detest from among the birds—they must not be eaten, because they are detestable: the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture, 14 the kite, the buzzard of any kind, 15 every kind of crow, 16 the eagle owl, the short-eared owl, the long-eared owl, the hawk of any kind, 17 the little owl, the cormorant, the screech owl, 18 the white owl, the scops owl, the osprey, 19 the stork, the heron of any kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Leviticus 11:17
Septuagint
13 ‘And these are the animals that you will consider an abomination from the birds, and they will not be eaten; they are an abomination: the eagle and the griffin and the sea-eagle 14 and the vulture and the kite and the birds resembling it 15 and the sparrow and the owl and the seagull and the birds resembling it 16 and the hawk and the birds resembling it 17 and the horned owl and cormorant and the ibis 18 and the water-hen and pelican and the swan 19 and the little owl and the heron and plover and the birds resembling it; and the hoopoe and the bat
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Leviticus 11:19
Hebrew Bible
17 the little owl, the cormorant, the screech owl, 18 the white owl, the scops owl, the osprey, 19 the stork, the heron of any kind, the hoopoe, and the bat. 20 “‘Every winged swarming thing that walks on all fours is detestable to you. 21 However, this you may eat from all the winged swarming things that walk on all fours, which have jointed legs to hop with on the land.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Leviticus 11:19
Septuagint
17 and the horned owl and cormorant and the ibis 18 and the water-hen and pelican and the swan 19 and the little owl and the heron and plover and the birds resembling it; and the hoopoe and the bat 20 ‘And all of the winged creatures that creep, that go on four feet, they are an abomination to you 21 But you may eat of these: of the creeping winged creatures that move on four feet, which have legs up from its feet to hop by along the ground
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Numbers 21:30
Hebrew Bible
28 For fire went out from Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has consumed Ar of Moaband the lords of the high places of Arnon. 29 Woe to you, Moab. You are ruined, O people of Chemosh! He has made his sons fugitives, and his daughters the prisoners of King Sihon of the Amorites. 30 We have overpowered them; Heshbon has perished as far as Dibon. We have shattered them as far as Nophah, which reaches to Medeba.” 31 So the Israelites lived in the land of the Amorites.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Numbers 21:30
Septuagint
28 For fire went forth from Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon, and has devoured as far as Moab and devoured the sacred pillars of Arnon. 29 Woe to you, Moab! You are destroyed, O people of Chemosh! Their sons are given over to be maintained and their daughters as captives to the king of the Amorite Sihon. 30 And so their seed will perish at Heshbon as far as Dibon, and the women still more caused a flaming fire against Moab.” 31 And Israel inhabited all those cities of the Amorites.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Deuteronomy 26:12
Hebrew Bible
11 You will celebrate all the good things that the Lord your God has given you and your family, along with the Levites and the resident foreigners among you. 12 When you finish tithing all your income in the third year (the year of tithing), you must give it to the Levites, the resident foreigners, the orphans, and the widows so that they may eat to their satisfaction in your villages. 13 Then you shall say before the Lord your God, “I have removed the sacred offering from my house and given it to the Levites, the resident foreigners, the orphans, and the widows just as you have commanded me. I have not violated or forgotten your commandments.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Deuteronomy 26:12
Septuagint
11 And you shall rejoice in all the good things that the Lord your God gave you and your house—and the Levites and the sojourner with you. 12 “But if you finished tithing all the tithes of your produce in the third year, you shall give a second tithe to the Levites and the sojourner and the orphan and the widow, and they shall eat in your cities and shall be joyful. 13 And you shall say before the Lord your God, ‘I have cleansed the sacred things from my house and gave them to the Levites and the sojourner and the orphan and the widow, according to all the commands that you commanded me. I have not transgressed your command and have not forgotten,
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Judges 4:11
Hebrew Bible
10 Barak summoned men from Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh, and 10,000 men followed him; Deborah went up with him as well. 11 Now Heber the Kenite had moved away from the Kenites, the descendants of Hobab, Moses’ father-in-law. He lived near the great tree in Zaanannim near Kedesh. 12 When Sisera heard that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor,
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Judges 4:11
Septuagint
10 And Barak cried out to Zebulun and Naphtali from Kedesh and ten thousand men went up at the feet of him; Deborah went up with him also. 11 Now Heber the Kenite had separated from the Kenites, from the sons of Hobab, father-inlaw of Moses, and he erected his tent as far away as the Oak of the Arrogant, which is near Kedesh. 12 And it was reported to Sisera that Barak son of Abinoam went up to Mount Tabor.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Judges 5:8
Hebrew Bible
6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads. 7 Warriors were scarce; they were scarce in Israel, until you arose, Deborah, until you arose as a motherly protector in Israel. 8 God chose new leaders, then fighters appeared in the city gates; but, I swear, not a shield or spear could be found among 40 military units in Israel. 9 My heart went out to Israel’s leaders, to the people who answered the call to war. Praise the Lord! 10 “You who ride on light-colored female donkeys, who sit on saddle blankets, you who walk on the road, pay attention!
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Judges 5:8
Septuagint
6 In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the day of Jael, they quit the ways, and they went on byways they went on twisted ways. 7 The mighty ones quit in Israel, they quit until Deborah arose, until a mother arose in Israel. 8 They chose new gods when cities of rulers fought; a shield perhaps was seen and a spearhead among forty thousand in Israel. 9 My heart is inclined to the commands given in Israel; those that are willing among the people: praise the Lord. 10 Those going upon a she-donkey at noon, those seated upon a judgment seat, and those going upon the roads of councilors along the way:
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Judges 5:21
Hebrew Bible
20 From the sky the stars fought, from their paths in the heavens they fought against Sisera. 21 The onrushing torrent* carried them off; the river confronted them—the Kishon River. Step on the necks of the strong! 22 “The horses’ hooves pounded the ground; the stallions galloped madly. 23 ‘Call judgment down on Meroz,’ says the angel of the Lord; ‘Be sure to call judgment down on those who live there, because they did not come to help in the Lord’s battle, to help in the Lord’s battle against the warriors.’
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Judges 5:21
Septuagint
20 From heaven the stars arrayed themselves, from their tracks they arrayed themselves against Sisera. 21 The wadi of Kishon swept them away, that ancient brook the Kishon brook; my mighty soul will trample him. 22 Then the heels of the horse were fettered; in haste his mighty ones hastened. 23 “Call down curses on Meroz,” said the angel of the Lord, “call down curses on all who dwell in it, for they did not come to the help of the Lord, to help among the mighty ones.”
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 1:24
Hebrew Bible
22 But Hannah did not go up with them, because she had told her husband, “Not until the boy is weaned. Then I will bring him so that he may appear before the Lord. And he will remain there from then on.” 23 Then her husband Elkanah said to her, “Do what is right in your eyes55. Stay until you have weaned him. Only may the Lord fulfill his promise.” So the woman stayed and nursed her son until she had weaned him. 24 Then she took him up with her as soon as she had weaned him, along with three bulls, an ephah of flour, and a container of wine. She came to the Lord’s house at Shiloh, and the boy was with them. 25 They slaughtered the bull, then brought the boy to Eli.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 1:24
Septuagint
22 Hannah did not go up with him because she said to her husband, “Until the child goes up, I will wean him, and then he will be seen by the face of the Lord, and he will live there until eternity.” 23 And Elkanah, her husband, said to her, “Do what you view as right. Stay until you might wean him, but may the Lord establish the words that come out of your mouth.” And the woman stayed and suckled her son until she might wean him. 24 And she went up with him to Shiloh with a three-yearold calf and bread and an ephaha of wheat flour and a jar of wine. And she entered the house of the Lord at Shiloh, and the child was with them. They brought him before the Lord, and his father killed the sacrifice, which he did from year to year to the Lord, and brought the child. 25 And he slaughtered the calf, and Hannah, the mother of the child, brought him to Eli.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 9:24
Hebrew Bible
22 Then Samuel brought Saul and his servant into the room and gave them a place at the head of those who had been invited. There were about thirty people present. 23 Samuel said to the cook, “Give me the portion of meat that I gave to you—the one I asked you to keep with you.” 24 So the cook picked up the leg and brought it and set it in front of Saul. Samuel said, “What was kept is now set before you! Eat, for it has been kept for you for this meeting time, from the time I said, ‘I have invited the people.’” So Saul ate with Samuel that day. 25 When they came down from the high place to the town, Samuel spoke with Saul on the roof. 26 They got up at dawn and Samuel called to Saul on the roof, “Get up, so I can send you on your way.” So Saul got up and the two of them—he and Samuel—went outside.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 9:24
Septuagint
22 Then Samuel took Saul and his servant and led them into the lodging and set for them there a place among the first of those who had been invited, about seventy men. 23 And Samuel said to the cook, “Give me the portion that I gave to you, the one that I told you to put to the side.” 24 The cook boiled the thigh and set it before Saul, and Samuel said to Saul, “Here is what is left. Set it before you and eat, for it has been set before you for a testimony beside the others; tear off.” And Saul ate with Samuel on that day. 25 He went down from Bama into the city, and they spread a bed for Saul on the roof, and he fell asleep. 26 And it happened as dawn arose that Samuel called Saul on the roof, saying, “Stand up, and I will send you out.” Saul got up, and then he and Samuel went outside. Samuel Anoints Saul
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 13:3
Hebrew Bible
1 Saul was [thirty] years old when he began to reign; he ruled over Israel for [forty] years. 2 Saul selected for himself 3,000 men from Israel. Of these 2,000 were with Saul at Micmash and in the hill country of Bethel; the remaining 1,000 were with Jonathan at Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. He sent all the rest of the people back home. 3 Jonathan attacked the Philistine outpost that was at Geba and the Philistines heard about it. Then Saul alerted all the land saying, “Let the Hebrews pay attention!” 4 All Israel heard this message, “Saul has attacked the Philistine outpost, and now Israel is repulsive to the Philistines!” So the people were summoned to join Saul at Gilgal. 5 Meanwhile the Philistines gathered to battle with Israel. Then they went up against Israel with 3,000 chariots, 6,000 horsemen, and an army as numerous as the sand on the seashore. They went up and camped at Micmash, east of Beth Aven.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 13:3
Septuagint
1 2 And Saul chose three thousand men for himself from the men of Israel. There were also two thousand with Saul at Michmash. And in the mountainous region of Bethel, there were one thousand with Jonathan at Gibeah of Benjamin. And as for the rest of the people, Saul sent them away, each to his own tent. 3 And Jonathan struck Nasib the foreigner from the hill country. But the foreigners found out, so Saul sounded a trumpet to the entire land, saying, “The slaves have rebelled!” 4 And all Israel heard them saying that Saul has fought Nasib the foreigner, and Israel was disgraced among the foreigners. So the sons of Israel went up following Saul in Gilgal.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 17:52
Hebrew Bible
51 David ran and stood over the Philistine. He grabbed Goliath’s sword, drew it from its sheath, and after killing him, he cut off his head with it. When the Philistines saw their champion was dead, they ran away. 52 Then the men of Israel and Judah charged forward, shouting a battle cry. They chased the Philistines to the valley and to the very gates of Ekron. The Philistine corpses lay fallen along the Shaaraim road to Gath and Ekron. 53 When the Israelites returned from their hot pursuit of the Philistines, they looted their camp.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 17:50
Septuagint
51 And David ran and stood over him and took his sword and executed him and removed his head. And the foreigners saw that their strongest had died, and they fled. 52 And the men of Israel and Judah rose and raised the war cry. And they pursued them closely as far as the entrance of Gath and as far as the gate of Ekron, and corpses of the foreigners fell on the road to the gate even as far as Gath and as far as Ekron. 53 Then the men of Israel returned, turning around after the foreigners, and trampled their camp.
6th Century B.C.E.
Ezekiel 16:30
Hebrew Bible
29 Then you multiplied your promiscuity to the land of merchants, Babylonia, but you were not satisfied there either. 30 “‘How I am filled with anger against you*, declares the Sovereign Lord, when you perform all these acts, the deeds of a bold prostitute. 31 When you built your chamber at the head of every street and put up your pavilion in every public square, you were not like a prostitute, because you scoffed at payment.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Ezekiel 16:30
Septuagint
29 And you increased your treaties with the land of the Chaldeans, and not even in these things were you satisfied. 30 Why should I make a covenant with your daughter,” says the Lord, “when you have done all these things, the work of a prostitute woman? And you prostituted yourself threefold among your daughters: 31 You built a brothel at every beginning of a way, and you made your high place in every street, and you became like a prostitute gathering her wages.
6th Century B.C.E.
Amos 5:26
Hebrew Bible
25 You did not bring me sacrifices and grain offerings during the 40 years you spent in the wilderness, family of Israel. 26 You will pick up your images of Sikkuth, your king, and Kiyyun, your star god, which you made for yourselves, 27 and I will drive you into exile beyond Damascus,” says the Lord. He is called the God of Heaven’s Armies.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Amos 5:26
Septuagint
25 Did you bring me offerings and sacrifices in the wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? 26 And you took along the tent of Molech and the star of your god Kaiwan, the images of them that you made for yourselves. 27 So I will resettle you beyond Damascus,” says the Lord; the Almighty God is his name.
6th Century B.C.E.
Amos 5:26
Hebrew Bible
25 You did not bring me sacrifices and grain offerings during the 40 years you spent in the wilderness, family of Israel. 26 You will pick up your images of Sikkuth, your king, and Kiyyun, your star god, which you made for yourselves, 27 and I will drive you into exile beyond Damascus,” says the Lord. He is called the God of Heaven’s Armies.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Amos 5:26
Septuagint
25 Did you bring me offerings and sacrifices in the wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? 26 And you took along the tent of Molech and the star of your god Kaiwan, the images of them that you made for yourselves. 27 So I will resettle you beyond Damascus,” says the Lord; the Almighty God is his name.
75-85 C.E.
Acts 7:43
New Testament
42 But God turned away from them and gave them over to worship the host of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets: ‘It was not to me that you offered slain animals and sacrifices forty years in the wilderness, was it, house of Israel? 43 But you took along the tabernacle of Moloch and the star of the god Rephan, the images you made to worship, but I will deport you beyond Babylon.’ 44 Our ancestors had the tabernacle of testimony in the wilderness, just as God who spoke to Moses ordered him to make it according to the design he had seen.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 1:3
Hebrew Bible
1 The proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel: 2 To learn wisdom and moral instruction, to discern wise counsel. 3 To receive moral instruction in skillful living, with righteousness, justice, and equity. 4 To impart shrewdness to the morally naive, a discerning plan to the young person.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 1:3
Septuagint
1 Proverbs of Solomon, son of David, who ruled in Israel: 2 to know wisdom and discipline, and to understand words of insight, 3 and to receive subtlety of words, and to understand true righteousness, and to direct a judgment, 4 so that it may give cunning to the naive and both experience and insight to a young child.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 8:5
Hebrew Bible
4 “To you, O people, I call out, and my voice calls to all mankind. 5 You who are naive, discern wisdom! And you fools, understand discernment! 6 Listen, for I will speak excellent things, and my lips will utter what is right.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 8:5
Septuagint
4 “O people, I summon you, and I utter my voice to the sons of humans. 5 Naive people, perceive cunning, and foolish people, take it to heart! 6 Listen to me; for I will say serious things, and I will bring straight things up from my lips;
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 8:25
Hebrew Bible
23 From eternity I have been fashioned, from the beginning, from before the world existed. 24 When there were no deep oceans I was born, when there were no springs overflowing with water; 25 before the mountains were set in place—before the hills—I was born, 26 before he made the earth and its fields, or the top soil of the world.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 8:25
Septuagint
23 before eternity he founded me in the beginning, before making the earth 24 and before making the depths, before the springs of the waters came forth, 25 before the mountains were settled, and before all the hills, he begets me. 26 The Lord made territories and uninhabited regions and inhabited extremities of the earth under the skies.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 24:22
Hebrew Bible
21 Fear the Lord, my child, as well as the king, and do not associate with rebels, 22 for suddenly their destruction will overtake them, and who knows the ruinous judgment both the Lord and the king can bring? 23 These sayings also are from the wise: To show partiality in judgment is terrible:
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 24:22
Septuagint
21 Fear God, son—and the king, and disobey neither of them; 22 for they will suddenly punish the ungodly, and who shall know the retributions of both? 22 a A son who keeps the word will be beyond destruction, and, receiving, he received it. 22 b Let no falsehood be spoken from the tongue to the king, and let no falsehood come out from his tongue.
5th Century B.C.E.
Job 42:2
Hebrew Bible
1 Then Job answered the Lord: 2 “I know that you can do all things; no purpose of yours can be thwarted; 3 you asked, ‘Who is this who darkens counsel without knowledge?’ But I have declared without understanding things too wonderful for me to know.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Job 42:2
Septuagint
1 And answering, Job said to the Lord, 2 “I know that you are able to do all things, and nothing is impossible for you. 3 For who is the one hiding his counsel from you, and, holding back, also imagines to hide his words from you, and who shall declare to me what I did not know, great and wondrous things, to which I did not pay attention?
5th Century B.C.E.
Job 42:9
Hebrew Bible
8 So now take seven bulls and seven rams and go to my servant Job and offer a burnt offering for yourselves. And my servant Job will intercede for you, and I will respect him, so that I do not deal with you according to your folly, because you have not spoken about me what is right, as my servant Job has.” 9 So they went, Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite, and did just as the Lord had told them; and the Lord had respect for Job. 10 So the Lord restored what Job had lost after he prayed for his friends, and the Lord doubled all that had belonged to Job. 11 So they came to him, all his brothers and sisters and all who had known him before, and they dined with him in his house. They comforted him and consoled him for all the trouble the Lord had brought on him, and each one gave him a piece of silver and a gold ring.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Job 42:11
Septuagint
8 But now, take seven calves and seven rams and go forth to my servant Job, and he shall make a burnt offering for you. And Job, my servant, shall pray for you, because except that I receive his face, except for his sake perhaps I might destroy you, for you did not speak the truth concerning my servant Job.” 9 Then Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite went forth and did as the Lord ordered them, and he released their sin because of Job. The Lord Blesses Job 10 And the Lord brought prosperity to Job. And when he prayed also for his friends, he forgave their sin, and the Lord gave twice as much as was before to Job by doubling. 11 And all his brothers and sisters heard all the things that had happened to him, and they came to him, and all who as much as knew him from the beginning. And eating and drinking with him, they encouraged him and marveled at all that the Lord brought on him. And they gave him each a single lamb and a gold and unmarked coin of four drachmas.