Texts in Conversation
Leviticus rejects the mourning cuts shown by El in the Baal Cycle, marking a break with a familiar way of expressing grief for the dead.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.5 VI:17
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
Then the Wise One, the perceptive god, went down from his throne: he sat on his footstool. And from his footstool he sat on the ground. He poured the ashes of affliction on his head, the dust of grovelling on his skull For clothing he put on a loin-cloth His skin with a stone he scored, his side-locks with a razor; he gashed cheeks and chin. He ploughed his collar-bones, he turned over like a garden his chest, like a valley he ploughed his breast He lifted up his voice and cried: Baal is dead! What has become of the Powerful One? The Son of Dagan! What has become of Tempest?
Leviticus 19:28
Hebrew Bible
25 Then in the fifth year you may eat its fruit to add its produce to your harvest. I am the Lord your God. 26 “‘You must not eat anything with the blood still in it. You must not practice either divination or soothsaying. 27 You must not round off the corners of the hair on your head or ruin the corners of your beard. 28 You must not slash your body for a dead person or incise a tattoo on yourself. I am the Lord. 29 Do not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, so that the land does not practice prostitution and become full of lewdness. 30 “‘You must keep my Sabbaths and fear my sanctuary. I am the Lord. 31 Do not turn to the spirits of the dead and do not seek familiar spirits to become unclean by them. I am the Lord your God.
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Notes and References
“... 56. This and the following tricolon take the description of El's mourning to its
ritual culmination. Self-mutilation is a classic expression of grief and guilt (both
emotions are present at funerals!). El gouges his skin with a stone. Cf. Job 2.8. He
also shaves. The prohibition against these actions in Lev. 19.27-28 and Deut. 14.1
presupposes that this was hitherto normal practice. An important symbolic aspect
may be that to break the skin is to destroy the boundary between self and not-self,
thus inviting the irruption of chaos. Boundaries must be maintained! See Job 7.5.
Cutting of the hair 'killed' it, again reinforcing the sense of sharing in the
experience of the dead. See refs. in de Moor (1971 a: 193). In the final colon,
'cheeks and chin' (Ug. IQm wdqn) is translated 'side-whiskers and beard' by some,
e.g. de Moor (1971a: 190, 193). ...”
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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