Texts in Conversation
Habakkuk 3 uses Baal's battle with Sea and River in the Baal Cycle to picture Israel's God defeating enemies for his people and their ruler.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.2 IV:25
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
You, your name is 'All-Driver' All-Driver, drive Yamm away, drive Yamm from his throne, Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!' Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm, the brow of Ruler Nahar. Yamm collapsed in a heap; he fell to the ground. His joints trembled, and his visage was discomposed. Baal gathered Up and drank Prince Yamm to the dregs, he exterminated Ruler Nahar. By name Athtart chided him Dry him Up, O Valiant Baal! Dry him up, O Charioteer of the Clouds! For our captive is Prince [Yamm], [for]
Habakkuk 3:8
Hebrew Bible
8 Was the Lord mad at the rivers? Were you angry with the rivers? Were you enraged at the sea? Such that you would climb into your horse-drawn chariots, your victorious chariots? 9 Your bow is ready for action; you commission your arrows. Selah. You cause flash floods on the earth’s surface. 10 When the mountains see you, they shake. The torrential downpour sweeps through. The great deep shouts out; it lifts its hands high. 11 The sun and moon stand still in their courses; the flash of your arrows drives them away, the bright light of your lightning-quick spear. 12 You furiously stomp on the earth; you angrily trample down the nations. 13 You march out to deliver your people, to deliver your special servant. You strike the leader of the wicked nation, laying him open from the lower body to the neck. Selah.
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Notes and References
“... The
identification of human and divine kings in battle together represents a theme
running through a good deal of biblical texts surviving from the monarchy. Ac-
cording to 1 Samuel 25:28, the king is said to fight Yahweh’s wars. The parallelism
between divine and human kings is explicit in the royal psalms (Psalms 2; 89:5–
18//19–37; cf. 72:8). It is commonplace to observe that Psalm 18 2 Samuel 22,
verses 8–19 describe Yahweh in terms associated with Baal’s battle (CAT 1.2 IV;
cf. 1.4 VII 8–9, 38–39), fighting for the king and saving him from destruction
while verses 29–45 depict Yahweh’s enabling the monarch to conquer his enemies
in battle.53 Habakkuk 3 employs the conflict-myth in defense of the king. The
poem tells how Yahweh has come in his storm-theophany (verses 4–11) to trample
the enemy-nations (verse 12) and to save the people and his “anointed” (verse
13), the king. The divine force is arrayed against Yamm and River (verse 8), and
his theophanic vanguard includes not only the theophanic light with the Sun and
Moon (verse 11) but also destructive divine forces including Resheph (verse 5).
Accordingly, this text provides an instance of Yahweh’s action in battle with the
attendant divine astral bodies and accompanying destructive divinities.54 This
poem bears a further importance, as it illustrates divine powers subservient to
Yahweh, the warrior-king, in a context supportive of the monarchy.55 As the
warrior-god battles the cosmic enemies, his earthly counterpart, the human king,
may fight enemies on the terrestrial level. Often the stress falls on Yahweh fighting
on behalf of the king, but sometimes the text accents the king’s own action aided
by his divine patron. The royal theology of parallels between the heavenly and
earthly realms extended also to identifying historical enemies with cosmic enemies
known from the Ugaritic texts as Baal’s or Anat’s enemies.56 It is well-known that
Sea and River in Isaiah 11:15 appear in conflated form with the seven-headed
dragon in a description of Egypt. Rahab stands for Egypt (Isaiah 30:7; Psalm 87:
4), the River for Assyria (Isaiah 8:5–8; cf. 17:12–14), Tannin for Babylon (Jere-
miah 51:34). It is no wonder that apocalyptic literature used this imagery so ex-
tensively, as mythical enemies had long served as emblems of historical enemies. ...”
Smith, Mark S.
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
(p. 158) Oxford University Press, 2001
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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