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Psalm 89 extends Baal's victory over Sea and River in the Baal Cycle to the human king, presenting royal power as a share in God's power over the same older enemies.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.2 IV:25
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!' Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm, the brow of Ruler Nahar. Yamm collapsed in a heap; he fell to the ground. His joints trembled, and his visage was discomposed. Baal gathered Up and drank Prince Yamm to the dregs, he exterminated Ruler Nahar.
Psalm 89:25
Hebrew Bible
20 I have discovered David, my servant. With my holy oil I have anointed him as king. 21 My hand will support him, and my arm will strengthen him. 22 No enemy will be able to exact tribute from him; a violent oppressor will not be able to humiliate him. 23 I will crush his enemies before him; I will strike down those who hate him. 24 He will experience my faithfulness and loyal love, and by my name he will win victories. 25 I will place his hand over the sea, his right hand over the rivers. 26 He will call out to me, ‘You are my father, my God, and the protector who delivers me.’ 27 I will appoint him to be my firstborn son, the most exalted of the earth’s kings. 28 I will always extend my loyal love to him, and my covenant with him is secure.
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Notes and References
“... A number of West Semitic texts likewise allude to the cosmic conflict between
the storm-god and his enemies, as noted at length in section 3 of chapter 8. The
use of the conflict story to reinforce human kingship appears in a variety of texts,
hailing from the city of Mari on the Euphrates river all the way to Egypt. The
political use of the conflict between storm-god and cosmic enemies passed into
Israelite tradition. Yahweh is not only generally similar to Baal as a storm-god.
Yahweh inherited the names of Baal’s cosmic enemies such as Leviathan, Sea,
Death, and Tannin, as well as the name of Baal’s home on Mount Saphon, which
is secondarily identified with Zion in Psalm 48:3. With this evidence, it would
appear that Yahweh’s titles, “Rider of the heavens” (Deuteronomy 33:26; Psalm
104:3) and “Rider of the Steppes” (Psalm 68:5), echo Baal’s own title, “Rider of
the Clouds.”5 The political use of this conflict language also passed into ancient
Israel. The biblical parallel between Yahweh, the divine king, and the Davidic
ruler, the human king, may be seen in Psalm 89. The parallelism between Yahweh
and the king changes, however, in verse 26, and a different sort of notion appears:
Yahweh promises to extend his power to the monarch in language associated in
Ugaritic with the god Baal: “I will set his hand on Sea and his right hand on
Rivers.”6 ...”
Smith, Mark S.
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
(p. 168) Oxford University Press, 2001
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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