Texts in Conversation
Psalm 72's boundaries at sea and river may echo Baal's defeated enemies in the Baal Cycle, giving the king's territory a scale drawn from stories of divine rule.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.2 IV:25
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
You, your name is 'All-Driver' All-Driver, drive Yamm away, drive Yamm from his throne, Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!' Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm, the brow of Ruler Nahar. Yamm collapsed in a heap; he fell to the ground. His joints trembled, and his visage was discomposed. Baal gathered Up and drank Prince Yamm to the dregs, he exterminated Ruler Nahar. By name Athtart chided him Dry him Up, O Valiant Baal! Dry him up, O Charioteer of the Clouds! For our captive is Prince [Yamm], [for]
Psalm 72:8
Hebrew Bible
4 He will defend the oppressed among the people; he will deliver the children of the poor and crush the oppressor. 5 People will fear you as long as the sun and moon remain in the sky, for generation after generation. 6 He will descend like rain on the mown grass, like showers that drench the earth. 7 During his days the godly will flourish; peace will prevail as long as the moon remains in the sky. 8 May he rule from sea to sea, and from the Euphrates River to the ends of the earth. 9 Before him the coastlands will bow down, and his enemies will lick the dust. 10 The kings of Tarshish and the coastlands will offer gifts; the kings of Sheba and Seba will bring tribute. 11 All kings will bow down to him; all nations will serve him.
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Notes and References
“... Psalm 89 likewise parallels the victorious power of
Yahweh in verses 5-18 with the divine favor that Yahweh bestows upon the
Davidic monarch in verses 19-37. In verse 26 Yahweh extends his power to
the monarch in language associated with the god Baal: “I will set his hand on
Sea and his right hand on River(s).” As many commentators have
observed,388 Sea and River(s) are titles of Baal’s enemy in the first major
section of the Ugaritic Baal cycle (KTU 1.1-2). The psalm thus draws on the
imagery of Yahweh’s victory over Sea and other cosmic enemies in verses 9-
10 and extends this imagery to the king in verse 26 at a time of royal decline,
indicated by verses 38-51. Psalm 72:8 likewise alludes to Sea and River in
describing the expanse of the Davidic territory: “May he have dominion from
sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth!” (wĕyērd miyyām ‛ad-
yām ûminnāhār ‛ad-’apsê-’āreṣ).389 While “the River” historically refers to
the Euphrates, it may also evoke the mythic pair of “Sea” and “River.” ...”
Smith, Mark S.
The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
(p. PDF 107) William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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