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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 23

1 When you sit down to eat with a ruler, consider carefully what is before you, 2 and put a knife to your throat if you possess a large appetite. 3 Do not crave that ruler’s delicacies, for that food is deceptive. 4 Do not wear yourself out to become rich;⁠ be wise enough to restrain yourself. 5 When you gaze upon riches, they are gone, for they surely make wings for themselves and fly off into the sky like an eagle! 6 Do not eat the food of a stingy person, do not crave his delicacies;⁠ 7 for he is like someone who has calculated the cost in his mind. “Eat and drink,” he says to you, but his heart is not with you; 8 you will vomit up the little bit you have eaten and will have wasted your pleasant words. 9 Do not speak in the ears of a fool, for he will despise the wisdom of your words.⁠ 10 Do not move an ancient boundary stone or take over the fields of the fatherless,⁠ 11 for their Protector is strong; he will plead their case against you. 12 Apply your heart to instruction and your ears to the words of knowledge. 13 Do not withhold discipline from a child; even if you strike him with the rod, he will not die. 14 If you strike him with the rod, you will deliver him from death. 15 My child, if your heart is wise, then my heart also will be glad; 16 my kidneys27 will rejoice when your lips speak what is right.⁠ 17 Do not let your heart envy sinners, but rather be zealous in fearing the Lord all the time. 18 For surely there is a future, and your hope will not be cut off. 19 Listen, my child, and be wise, and guide your heart on the right way. 20 Do not spend time among drunkards, among those who eat too much meat, 21 because drunkards and gluttons become impoverished, and drowsiness clothes them with rags. 22 Listen to your father who gave you life, and do not despise your mother when she is old. 23 Acquire truth and do not sell it—wisdom, and discipline, and understanding. 24 The father of a righteous person will rejoice greatly; whoever fathers a wise child will have joy in him. 25 May your father and your mother have joy; may she who bore you rejoice. 26 Give me your heart, my son, and let your eyes observe my ways; 27 for a prostitute is like a deep pit;⁠ a harlot is like a narrow well. 28 Indeed, she lies in wait like a robber and increases the unfaithful among men. 29 Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has contentions? Who has complaints? Who has wounds without cause? Who has dullness of the eyes? 30 Those who linger over wine, those who go looking for mixed wine. 31 Do not look on the wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup, when it goes down smoothly. 32 Afterward it bites like a snake and stings like a viper. 33 Your eyes will see strange things, and your mind will speak perverse things. 34 And you will be like one who lies down in the midst of the sea, and like one who lies down on the top of the rigging. 35 You will say, “They have struck me, but I am not harmed! They beat me, but I did not know it! When will I awake? I will look for another drink.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Proverbs 23:4 and Democritus, Fragments and LXX Proverbs 23:4

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Septuagint

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Summary

The Greek Septuagint translation of Proverbs 23 warns the poor not to “stretch themselves out” to match the rich. It uses a rare word found in Democritus, suggesting the translator was influenced by Greek philosophy.

Passages

Proverbs 23:4

Hebrew Bible
3 Do not crave that ruler’s delicacies, for that food is deceptive. 4 Do not wear yourself out to become rich; be wise enough to restrain yourself. 5 When you gaze upon riches, they are gone, for they surely make wings for themselves and fly off into the sky like an eagle!
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

Democritus, Fragments

Classical
Democritus: A person shows good judgement if he is not grieved by what he does not have, but is pleased with what he does have. The desire for more destroys what one has, as with the dog in Aesop's fable. Democritus: Someone who contends with a superior ends up with a bad reputation. One should recognize that human life is feeble and short and heaped up with all sorts of evils and disasters, so as to aim at moderate acquisition and measure one's trouble against what is necessary. Democritus: Helplessness on the part of all is worse than the helpless of each individual; for there is left no hope of assistance.
400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Democritus, Fragments

LXX Proverbs 23:4

Septuagint
3 But if you are very insatiable, do not desire his provisions; for these belong to a false life. 4 If you are poor, do not stretch yourself out alongside a rich man; but refrain yourself in your wisdom. 5 If you should fix your eye upon him, he will disappear; for wings like an eagle's are prepared for him, and he returns to the house of his master.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Proverbs

References

"... LXX Proverbs 23:4 ... μὴ παρεκτείνου πένης ὢν πλουσίῳ, “if you are poor, do not compare yourself with a rich man” ... the middle imperative παρεκτείνου (literally “stretch yourself out alongside”) here means “measure yourself with” or “compare yourself with”. It is a relatively rare meaning of the verb, and finds a striking parallel in one of the fragments of the Presocratic philosopher Democritus, which reads τελευτᾶι γὰρ ἐς κακοδοξίην [κακὴν] ὁ παρεκτεινόμενος τῶι κρέσσονι, “for he who compares himself with a more powerful man ends up in notoriety” (Demokritos B 238). It is not impossible that the Proverbs translator is here alluding to this fragment ..."
Albert M. Wolters, Septuagint Commentary Series: Proverbs (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 225.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Proverbs 23:4 and Democritus, Fragments and LXX Proverbs 23:4

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