Chronological timeline of texts tagged with Septuagint Additions
About This Tag
The various Septuagint translators sometimes added new details into their translation that were not present in their Hebrew source text, or possibly had access to a Hebrew source text that modern translators do not. These additions could expand descriptions, clarify narratives, or reinforce theological themes, reflecting interpretive traditions or contemporary beliefs. Such changes suggest that the translators were not only translating but also engaging in a form of interpretation and commentary, shaping the text to align with the cultural and religious context of their Greek speaking Jewish audience.
Note: Dates shown in this timeline are approximate and based on scholarly estimates.
Back to TagGenesis 1:9 / LXX Genesis 1:9
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 1:9
Hebrew Bible
8 God called the expanse “sky.” There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.” It was so. 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” God saw that it was good.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 1:9
Septuagint
8 And God called the firmament Sky. And God saw that it was good. And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a second day. 9 And God said, “Let the water that is under the sky be gathered into one gathering, and let the dry land appear.” And it became so. And the water that was under the sky was gathered into their gatherings, and the dry land appeared. 10 And God called the dry land Earth, and the systems of the waters he called Seas. And God saw that it was good.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 1:28
Hebrew Bible
27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them, male and female he created them. 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply! Fill the earth and subdue it! Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.” 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 1:28
Septuagint
27 And God made humankind; according to divine image he made it; male and female he made them. 28 And God blessed them, saying, “Increase, and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it, and rule the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and all the cattle and all the earth and all the creeping things that creep upon the earth.” 29 And God said, “See, I have given to you any herbage, sowable, seeding seed, which is over all the earth, and any tree that has in itself fruit of sowable seed—to you it shall be for food—
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 4:8
Hebrew Bible
6 Then the Lord said to Cain, “Why are you angry, and why is your expression downcast? 7 Is it not true that if you do what is right, you will be fine? But if you do not do what is right, sin is crouching at the door. It desires to dominate you, but you must subdue it.” 8 Cain spoke to his brother Abel.21 While they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him. 9 Then the Lord said to Cain, “Where is your brother Abel?” And he replied, “I don’t know! Am I my brother’s guardian?” 10 But the Lord said, “What have you done? The voice of your brother’s blood is crying out to me from the ground!
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 4:8
Septuagint
6 And the Lord God said to Kain, “Why have you become deeply grieved, and why has your countenance collapsed? 7 If you offer correctly but do not divide correctly, have you not sinned? Be still; his recourse is to you, and you will rule over him.” 8 And Kain said to his brother Habel, “Let us go through into the plain.” And it came about when they were in the plain, that then Kain rose up against his brother Habel and killed him. 9 And God said to Kain, “Where is your brother Habel?” And he said, “I do not know; surely I am not my broth- er’s keeper?” 10 And God said, “What have you done? The voice of your brother’s blood is crying out to me from the earth!
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 10:2
Hebrew Bible
1 This is the account of Noah’s sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Sons were born to them after the flood. 2 The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. 3 The sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah. 4 The sons of Javan were Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittim, and the Dodanim.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 10:2
Septuagint
1 Now these are the generations of Noe’s sons, Sem, Cham, Iapheth, and sons were born to them after the flood. 2 The sons of Iapheth: Gamer and Magog and Madai and Ioyan and Elisa and Thobel and Mosoch and Thiras. 3 And the sons of Gamer: Aschanaz and Riphath and Thorgama. 4 And the sons of Ioyan: Elisa and Tharsis, Kitians, Rhodians.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 12:20
Hebrew Bible
18 So Pharaoh summoned Abram and said, “What is this you have done to me? Why didn’t you tell me that she was your wife? 19 Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took her to be my wife? Now, here is your wife. Take her and go!” 20 Pharaoh gave his men orders about Abram, and so they expelled him, along with his wife and all his possessions.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 12:20
Septuagint
18 Now when Pharao had called Abram he said, “What is this you have done to me, that you did not tell me that she is your wife? 19 Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’? And I took her to myself for a wife. And now here is your wife before you; take her; hurry off.” 20 And Pharao commanded men concerning Abram to join in escorting him and his wife and all that he had and Lot with him.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 20:2
Hebrew Bible
1 Abraham journeyed from there to the Negev region and settled between Kadesh and Shur. While he lived as a temporary resident in Gerar, 2 Abraham said about his wife Sarah, “She is my sister.” So Abimelech, king of Gerar, sent for Sarah and took her. 3 But God appeared to Abimelech in a dream at night and said to him, “You are as good as dead because of the woman you have taken, for she is someone else’s wife.”
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 20:2
Septuagint
1 And from there Abraam moved to the land toward the southwest and lived between Kades and between Sour and resided in Gerara as an alien. 2 And Abraam said of his wife Sarra, “She is my sister,” for he was afraid to say, “She is my wife,” lest perhaps the men of the city kill him on her account. Then Abimelech king of Gerara sent and took Sarra. 3 And God came in to Abimelech in hisc sleep during the night and said, “Look, you are about to die by reason of the woman whom you have taken, whereas she is married to a man.”
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 31:16
Hebrew Bible
15 Hasn’t he treated us like foreigners? He not only sold us, but completely wasted the money paid for us! 16 Surely all the wealth that God snatched away from our father belongs to us and to our children. So now do everything God has told you.” 17 So Jacob immediately put his children and his wives on the camels.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 31:16
Septuagint
15 Have we not been regarded by him as foreigners? For he has sold us, and he consumed our money by a devouring. 16 All the wealth and the glory that God took away from our father shall belong to us and to our children. Now therefore do what God has said to you.” 17 Then Iakob, when he had arisen, took his wives and his youngsters on the camels,
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 35:4
Hebrew Bible
3 Let us go up at once to Bethel. Then I will make an altar there to God, who responded to me in my time of distress and has been with me wherever I went.” 4 So they gave Jacob all the foreign gods that were in their possession and the rings that were in their ears. Jacob buried them under the oak near Shechem 5 and they started on their journey. The surrounding cities were afraid of God, and they did not pursue the sons of Jacob.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 35:4
Septuagint
3 and arise, let us go up to Baithel, and let us make an altar there to the God who hearkened to me in a day of distress, who was with me and preserved me on the road that I traveled.” 4 And they gave to Iakob the foreign gods that were in their hands and the earrings in their ears, and Iakob hid them under the terebinth in Sikima, and he destroyed them to the present day. 5 And Israel rose up from Sikima, and a divine fear came upon the cities all around them, and they did not go in pursuit after the sons of Israel.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 46:27
Hebrew Bible
25 These were the sons of Bilhah, whom Laban gave to Rachel his daughter. She bore these to Jacob, seven in all. 26 All the direct descendants of Jacob who went to Egypt with him were sixty-six in number. (This number does not include the wives of Jacob’s sons.) 27 Counting the two sons of Joseph who were born to him in Egypt, all the people of the household of Jacob who were in Egypt numbered seventy. 28 Jacob sent Judah before him to Joseph to accompany him to Goshen. So they came to the land of Goshen. 29 Joseph harnessed his chariot and went up to meet his father Israel in Goshen. When he met him, he hugged his neck and wept on his neck for quite some time.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Genesis 46:27
Septuagint
25 These are the sons of Balla, whom Laban gave to his daughter Rachel, who bore these to Iakob—all seven persons. 26 And all the persons who came with Iakob into Egypt, who came out from his thighs, not including the wives of Iakob’s sons, all the persons were sixty-six. 27 And the sons of Ioseph who were born to him in the land of Egypt were nine persons. All the persons of Iakob’s house who came into Egypt were seventy-five. 28 And he sent Ioudas ahead of him to Ioseph in order to meet him over against Heroonpolis in the land of Ramesses. 29 And when Ioseph had hitched up his chariots, he went up to meet his fa- ther Israel over against Heroonpolis. And when he appeared to him, he fell upon his neck and wept with much weeping.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Exodus 1:11
Hebrew Bible
10 Come, let’s deal wisely with them. Otherwise they will continue to multiply, and if a war breaks out, they will ally themselves with our enemies and fight against us and leave the country.” 11 So they put foremen over the Israelites to oppress them with hard labor. As a result they built Pithom and Rameses as store cities for Pharaoh. 12 But the more the Egyptians oppressed them, the more they multiplied and spread. As a result the Egyptians loathed the Israelites,
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Exodus 1:11
Septuagint
10 Come, therefore, let us deal shrewdly with them, in case they multiply greatly, and at that time war may happen to us, these people also will reinforce our enemies, and waging war against us, they will go forth out of the land.” 11 And he placed supervisors of the works over them that they might afflict them in their labors, and they constructed fortified cities for Pharaoh: Pithom, Rameses, and On, which is Heliopolis. 12 But, just when they humbled them, they became so much more numerous, and they became very exceedingly strong. And the Egyptians were in dread of the sons of Israel.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Exodus 12:40
Hebrew Bible
38 A mixed multitude also went up with them, and flocks and herds—a very large number of cattle. 39 They baked cakes of bread without yeast using the dough they had brought from Egypt, for it was made without yeast. Because they were thrust out of Egypt and were not able to delay, they could not prepare food for themselves either. 40 Now the length of time the Israelites lived in Egypt was 430 years. 41 At the end of the 430 years, on the very day, all the regiments of the Lord went out of the land of Egypt. 42 It was a night of vigil for the Lord to bring them out from the land of Egypt, and so on this night all Israel is to keep the vigil to the Lord for generations to come.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Exodus 12:40
Septuagint
38 And a numerous mixed group went up with them, along with very many sheep and oxen and livestock. 39 And they baked the dough that they carried out of Egypt into unleavened cakes, for it was not leavened. For the Egyptians had driven them out, and they could not tarry, nor did they even prepare provisions for themselves for the journey. 40 Now the sojourn of the sons of Israel, during which they lived in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, was four hundred and thirty-five years. 41 And it happened after the four hundred and thirty-five years, all the hosts of the Lord went forth from the land of Egypt by night. 42 It is an advance guard to the Lord, to bring them out of the land of Egypt. That night it is a advance guard to the Lord, for it to be for all the sons of Israel in their generations.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Exodus 22:5
Hebrew Bible
4 If the stolen item should in fact be found alive in his possession, whether it be an ox or a donkey or a sheep, he must pay back double. 5 “If a man grazes his livestock in a field or a vineyard and he lets the livestock loose and they graze in the field of another man, he must make restitution from the best of his own field and the best of his own vineyard. 6 “If a fire breaks out and spreads to thorn bushes, so that stacked grain or standing grain or the whole field is consumed, the one who started the fire must surely make restitution.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Exodus 22:5
Septuagint
4 And if he is seized and the stolen thing, whether a donkey or a sheep, is discovered in his hand alive, he shall repay them double. 5 And if a person puts a flock out to graze in a field or a vineyard and lets his livestock loose to graze in another’s field, he shall make compensation from his field according to his own produce. And if he causes his flock to feed upon the whole field, he shall make compensation from the very best of his field and the very best of his vineyard. 6 And if a fire breaks out and finds thorny plants and ignites a threshing floor or stacked grain or a field, the one who lit the fire shall give compensation.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Leviticus 10:9
Hebrew Bible
8 Then the Lord spoke to Aaron, 9 “Do not drink wine or strong drink, you and your sons with you, when you enter into the Meeting Tent, so that you do not die. This is a perpetual statute throughout your generations, 10 as well as to distinguish between the holy and the common, and between the unclean and the clean,
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Leviticus 10:9
Septuagint
8 And then the Lord spoke to Aaron, saying, 9 “Do not drink wine and strong drink, you and your sons with you, when you enter into the tent of testimony or when you advance toward the altar, and you will certainly not die. This is a perpetual law throughout your generations: 10 to discern between the holy and unholy, and between the unclean and clean
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Leviticus 11:40
Hebrew Bible
39 “‘Now if an animal that you may eat dies, whoever touches its carcass will be unclean until the evening. 40 One who eats from its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening, and whoever carries its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening. 41 Every swarming thing that swarms on the land is detestable; it must not be eaten.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Leviticus 11:40
Septuagint
39 And if one of the livestock that is for you to eat dies, the person who touches their carcasses will be unclean until evening 40 And the person who eats from these carcasses will wash their garments and will be unclean until evening, and any person who picks up any of their carcasses will wash their garments and will bathe with water and will be unclean until evening 41 And every creeping animal that creeps along the earth, this will be an abomination to you; it will not be eaten
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Leviticus 17:4
Hebrew Bible
2 “Speak to Aaron, his sons, and all the Israelites, and tell them, ‘This is the word that the Lord has commanded, 3 “Blood guilt will be accounted to any man from the house of Israel who slaughters an ox or a lamb or a goat inside the camp or outside the camp, 4 but has not brought it to the entrance of the Meeting Tent to present it as an offering to the Lord before the tabernacle of the Lord. He has shed blood, so that man will be cut off from the midst of his people. 5 This is so that the Israelites will bring their sacrifices that they are sacrificing in the open field to the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent—to the priest—and sacrifice them there as peace-offering sacrifices to the Lord.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Leviticus 17:4
Septuagint
2 “Speak to Aaron and to his sons and to all the sons of Israel, and say to them, ‘This is the instruction that the Lord charged, saying 3 “A person a person of the sons of Israel or of the resident aliens or those who are abiding among you, whoever slaughters a young bull or a sheep or a goat in the encampment, and whoever does the slaughtering outside the encampment 4 and does not bring it at the entrance of the tent of testimony in order to present it as a whole burnt offering or as an offering of well-being for the Lord, approved as a sweet-smelling aroma, and whoever does the slaughtering outside and does not bring it at the entrance of the tent of the testimony so that he does not present it as a gift for the Lord in front of the tent of the Lord, then blood will be reckoned to that person; he has shed blood. That person will be utterly destroyed from his people 5 This is so that the sons of Israel will bring and present their sacrifices, whatever they themselves slaughter in the fields and bring to the Lord at the entrances of the tent of testimony to the priest. And they will sacrifice them as a sacrifice of peace to the Lord
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Leviticus 21:13
Hebrew Bible
12 He must not go out from the sanctuary and must not profane the sanctuary of his God, because the dedication of the anointing oil of his God is on him. I am the Lord. 13 He must take a wife who is a virgin. 14 He must not marry a widow, a divorced woman, or one profaned by prostitution; he may only take a virgin from his people as a wife,
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Leviticus 21:12-14
Septuagint
12 And he will not go out of the sanctuary, and he will not profane the sacred sanctuary of his God, because the holy anointing oil of God is on him—I am the Lord. 13 He will take a virgin from among his people, 14 but a widow or a divorced woman or a defiled woman or a prostitute, these types of women he will not take. Instead, he will take a virgin from among his own people as a wife.
20-50 C.E.
Philo The Special Laws 1.110
Classical
110 And besides these commands, he also defined precisely the family of the women who might be married by the high priest, commanding him to marry not merely a woman who was a virgin, but also one who was a priestess, the daughter of a priest, that so both bridegroom and bride might be of one house, and in a manner of one blood, so as to display a most lasting harmony and union of disposition during the whole of their lives.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Numbers 4:14
Hebrew Bible
12 Then they must take all the utensils of the service, with which they serve in the sanctuary, put them in a blue cloth, cover them with a covering of fine leather, and put them on a carrying beam. 13 Also, they must take away the ashes from the altar and spread a purple cloth over it. 14 Then they must place on it all its implements with which they serve there—the trays, the meat forks, the shovels, the basins, and all the utensils of the altar—and they must spread on it a covering of fine leather, and then insert its poles. 15 “When Aaron and his sons have finished covering the sanctuary and all the furnishings of the sanctuary, when the camp is ready to journey, then the Kohathites will come to carry them; but they must not touch any holy thing, or they will die. These are the responsibilities of the Kohathites with the tent of meeting.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Numbers 4:14
Septuagint
12 And they will take all the implements for ministering, that they minister with them with the holy things, and they will place them in a blue cloth and will cover them with a covering of blue leather, and they will place them on carrying poles. 13 And he will place the covering on the altar and so cover it with an all-purple cloth. 14 And they will place all the implements on it with which they minister on it by them, and so the censers and the flesh-hooks and the bowls and the covering and all the implements for the altar, and they will place a covering of blue leather on it and put its carrying poles into place. And they will take a purple cloth and cover the basin and its base, and they will place it into a covering of blue leather, and they will place these on poles. 15 And Aaron and his sons will finish covering up the holy things and all the holy implements when the encampment is taken down, and following these procedures, the sons of Kohath will go in to transport these things, and they will not touch the holy things, so that they do not die. The sons of Kohath will care for these things with respect to the tent of testimony.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Numbers 24:23
Hebrew Bible
22 Nevertheless the Kenite will be consumed. How long will Asshur take you away captive?” 23 Then he uttered this oracle: “O, who will survive when God does this! 24 Ships will come from the coast of Kittim, and will afflict Asshur, and will afflict Eber, and he will also perish forever.”
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Numbers 24:23
Septuagint
22 and if a nest of cunning happens to Beor, Asshur will take you captive.” 23 And looking on Og, then, taking up his poetic discourse, he said, “Alas! Alas! Who will survive whenever God sets these things in place? 24 And one will come forth from the hand of the Kittim and afflict Assyria, and afflict the Hebrews, but they themselves will be destroyed all together.”
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Deuteronomy 6:3
Hebrew Bible
1 Now these are the commandments, statutes, and ordinances that the Lord your God instructed me to teach you so that you may carry them out in the land where you are headed 2 and that you may so revere the Lord your God that you will keep all his statutes and commandments that I am giving you—you, your children, and your grandchildren—all your lives, to prolong your days. 3 Pay attention, Israel, and be careful to do this so that it may go well with you and that you may increase greatly in number—as the Lord, the God of your ancestors, said to you, you will have a land flowing with milk and honey. 4 Hear, O Israel: The Lord is our God, the Lord is one! 5 You must love the Lord your God with your whole mind, your whole being, and all your strength.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Deuteronomy 6:3
Septuagint
1 “And these are the commands and the ordinances and the judgments that our God commanded you to teach to do so in the land into which you are entering there to take possession of it; 2 so that you might fear the Lord your God, keep all his ordinances and his commands that I command you today, you and your sons and the sons of your sons all the days of your life that you may live long. 3 And hear, O Israel, and be mindful to do them, that it may go well with you and that you might increase very much just as the Lord, the God of your fathers, spoke, to give over to you a land flowing with milk and honey. 4 “And these are the ordinances and the judgments that the Lord commanded the sons of Israel when they came out from the land of Egypt: ‘Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one. 5 And you will love the Lord your God from your whole mind and from your whole soul and from your whole strength.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Deuteronomy 23:17
Hebrew Bible
15 You must not return an escaped slave to his master when he has run away to you. 16 Indeed, he may live among you in any place he chooses, in whichever of your villages he prefers; you must not oppress him. 17 There must never be a sacred prostitute among the young women of Israel nor a sacred male prostitute among the young men of Israel. 18 You must never bring the pay of a female prostitute or the wage of a dog30, a male prostitute, into the temple of the Lord your God in fulfillment of any vow, for both of these are abhorrent to the Lord your God. 19 You must not charge interest on a loan to your fellow Israelite, whether on money, food, or anything else that has been loaned with interest.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Deuteronomy 23:17
Septuagint
15 “You shall not give over a servant to the master who has been added to you because of his master. 16 He shall dwell with you, in you he shall dwell, wherever pleases him; you shall not oppress him. 17 “There shall be no prostitute from the daughters of Israel, and there shall be none who prostitutes from the sons of Israel. There shall not be a sorceress from the daughters of Israel, and there shall not be one initiated from the sons of Israel. 18 “You shall not bring the profit of a prostitute nor the price of a dog into the house of the Lord your God to any votive offering, for it is an abomination to the Lord your God, even both of them. 19 “You shall not exact interest from your brother, interest for silver and interest for food and interest for anything that you may lend out with interest.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Deuteronomy 34:8
Hebrew Bible
7 Moses was 120 years old when he died, but his eye was not dull nor had his vitality departed. 8 The Israelites mourned for Moses in the rift valley plains of Moab for thirty days; then the days of mourning for Moses ended. 9 Now Joshua son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom, for Moses had placed his hands on him; and the Israelites listened to him and did just what the Lord had commanded Moses.
3rd Century B.C.E.
LXX Deuteronomy 34:8
Septuagint
7 And Moses was one hundred and twenty years at his death; his eyes were not dim or ruined. 8 And the sons of Israel wept for Moses at Araboth of Moab, on the Jordan, down from Jericho, for thirty days, and the days of grief of weeping for Moses came to an end. 9 And Joshua son of Nun was filled with a spirit of understanding, for Moses put his hands on him, and the sons of Israel listened to him, and they did as the Lord commanded Moses.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Joshua 6:26
Hebrew Bible
24 But they burned the city and all that was in it, except for the silver, gold, and bronze and iron items they put in the treasury of the Lord’s house. 25 Yet Joshua spared Rahab the prostitute, her father’s family, and all who belonged to her. She lives in Israel to this very day because she hid the messengers Joshua sent to spy on Jericho. 26 At that time Joshua made this solemn declaration: “The man who attempts to rebuild this city of Jericho will stand condemned before the Lord. He will lose his firstborn son when he lays its foundations and his youngest son when he erects its gates!” 27 The Lord was with Joshua, and he became famous throughout the land.
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Joshua 6:25
Septuagint
24 And the city was set on fire, burning, with everything in it. Only the silver and gold and copper and iron did they set aside to be brought to the treasury of the Lord. 25 And Rahab the prostitute and all her father’s house Joshua spared. And her family has dwelled in Israel until this day. For she hid the spies whom Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. 26 And Joshua swore on that day before the Lord, saying, “Greatly cursed is the person who will build that city. By his firstborn he will lay its foundation, and by his youngest he will rebuild its gates.” And in this way Ozan from Bethel did: by Abiram his firstborn, he laid its foundation, and by his youngest, though he escaped, he rebuilt its gates. 27 And the Lord was with Joshua, and his name was known throughout all the land.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Joshua 8:29
Hebrew Bible
28 Joshua burned Ai and made it a permanently uninhabited mound (it remains that way to this very day). 29 He hung the king of Ai on a tree, leaving him exposed until evening. At sunset Joshua ordered that his corpse be taken down from the tree. They threw it down at the entrance of the city gate and erected over it a large pile of stones (it remains to this very day). 30 Then Joshua built an altar for the Lord God of Israel on Mount Ebal,
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Joshua 8:29
Septuagint
28 And Joshua burned the city with fire. He made it an uninhabitable mound for eternity up to this day. 29 And the king of Ai, he hung on a forked tree, and he was on the tree until evening; and as the sun set, Joshua gave instructions, and they took down his body from the tree and threw him into a pit and placed over him a heap of stones until this day.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Joshua 13:2
Hebrew Bible
1 When Joshua was very old, the Lord told him, “You are very old, and a great deal of land remains to be conquered. 2 This is the land that remains: all the territory of the Philistines and all the Geshurites, 3 from the Shihor River east of Egypt northward to the territory of Ekron (it is regarded as Canaanite territory), including the area belonging to the five Philistine lords who ruled in Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron, as well as Avvite land
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Joshua 13:2
Septuagint
1 And Joshua was old, being advanced in years, and so the Lord said to Joshua, “You have become advanced in years, and there is much land remaining to be captured. 2 And this is the land that remains: the borders of the Philistines, the Geshurites, and the Canaanites, 3 from the uninhabited of them near the face of Egypt as far as the border of Ekron from the left of the Canaanites. It is calculated for the five provinces of the Philistines: Gaza and in Ashdod, and in Ashkelon and in Gath and in Ekron, as well as in the Avvim
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Joshua 24:27
Hebrew Bible
25 That day Joshua drew up an agreement for the people, and he established rules and regulations for them in Shechem. 26 Joshua wrote these words in the Law Scroll of God. He then took a large stone and set it up there under the oak tree near the Lord’s sanctuary. 27 Joshua said to all the people, “Look, this stone will be a witness against us, for it has heard everything the Lord said to us. It will be a witness against you if you deny your God.” 28 When Joshua dismissed the people, they went to their allotted portions of land. 29 After all this Joshua son of Nun, the Lord’s servant, died at the age of 110.
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Joshua 24:27
Septuagint
25 And Joshua established a covenant with the people on that day, and he gave them law and judgment in Shiloh before the tent of the God of Israel. 26 And he wrote these words in the document of the law of God and took a large stone, and Joshua set it by the terebinth tree in front of the Lord. 27 And Joshua said to the people, “Look, this stone is among you to be evidence because it has heard everything that was said to it by the Lord, whatever he spoke to us today, and this will be among you to be a witness at the last day when you should deal falsely with the Lord my God.” 28 And Joshua sent the people away, and they went, each to his home. 29 And it happened after that and Joshua son of Nun, servant of the Lord, died at the age of one hundred and twelve years.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Joshua 24:30
Hebrew Bible
27 Joshua said to all the people, “Look, this stone will be a witness against us, for it has heard everything the Lord said to us. It will be a witness against you if you deny your God.” 28 When Joshua dismissed the people, they went to their allotted portions of land. 29 After all this Joshua son of Nun, the Lord’s servant, died at the age of 110. 30 They buried him in his allotted territory in Timnath Serah in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash. 31 Israel worshiped the Lord throughout Joshua’s lifetime and as long as the elderly men who outlived him remained alive. These men had experienced firsthand everything the Lord had done for Israel.
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Joshua 24:31
Septuagint
28 And Joshua sent the people away, and they went, each to his home. 29 And it happened after that and Joshua son of Nun, servant of the Lord, died at the age of one hundred and twelve years. 30 And they buried him at the border of his inheritance in Timnath-serah in Mount Ephraim from the north of the mount of Gilead. There they put with him as a memorial, at the place that they buried him there, the flint swords by which he circumcised the sons of Israel at Gilgal when he brought them out from Egypt just as the Lord directed them. And there they remain until this very day. 31 And Israel served the Lord all the days of Joshua and all the days of the elders as many as had experienced the time with Joshua and as many as had seen all the deeds of the Lord, as many as he did for Israel. 32 And the bones of Joseph the sons of Israel brought up from Egypt. And they buried them in Shechem in the part of the field that Jacob had acquired from the Amorites who lived by Shechem for one hundred lambs.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Joshua 24:33
Hebrew Bible
32 The bones of Joseph, which the Israelites had brought up from Egypt, were buried at Shechem in the part of the field that Jacob bought from the sons of Hamor, the father of Shechem, for 100 pieces of money. So it became the inheritance of the tribe of Joseph. 33 Eleazar son of Aaron died, and they buried him in Gibeah in the hill country of Ephraim, where his son Phinehas had been assigned land.
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Joshua 24:33
Septuagint
32 And the bones of Joseph the sons of Israel brought up from Egypt. And they buried them in Shechem in the part of the field that Jacob had acquired from the Amorites who lived by Shechem for one hundred lambs. 33 And it happened with these events that Eleazar, son of Aaron the high priest, passed away and was buried in Gibeah of Phinehas his son, which he gave him on Mount Ephraim. 33a On that day, when the sons of Israel took the ark of God, they carried it around among themselves, and Phinehas served as the priest in place of Eleazar his father until he died and was buried in Gibeah, in his own place. 33b But the sons of Israel departed, each to his home and to their own city. And the sons of Israel worshipped Astarte and Ashtaroth and the gods of the nations surrounding them. And so the Lord put them into the hands of Eglon the king of Moab, and he ruled over them eighteen years.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Judges 4:8
Hebrew Bible
7 I will bring Sisera, the general of Jabin’s army, to you at the Kishon River, along with his chariots and huge army. I will hand him over to you.” 8 Barak said to her, “If you go with me, I will go. But if you do not go with me, I will not go.” 9 She said, “I will indeed go with you. But you will not gain fame on the expedition you are undertaking, for the Lord will turn Sisera over to a woman.” Deborah got up and went with Barak to Kedesh.
2nd Century B.C.E.
LXX Judges 4:8
Septuagint
7 And I will bring to you at the wadi of Kishon, Sisera, ruler of the forces of Jabin, even his chariots and his throng. Then I will deliver him into your hand.” 8 Barak said to her, “If you would go with me, I will proceed. But if you do not go, I will not proceed; for I do not know the day in which the Lord prospers the messenger with me.” 9 And she said, “Going, I will go with you; only know that the victory shall not be yours on the way in which you go, because into the hand of a woman the Lord will deliver Sisera.” And Deborah arose and went with Barak from Kadesh.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 2:10
Hebrew Bible
9 He watches over his holy ones, but the wicked are made speechless in the darkness, for it is not by one’s own strength that one prevails. 10 The Lord shatters his adversaries; he thunders against them from the heavens. The Lord executes judgment to the ends of the earth. He will strengthen his king and exalt the power of his anointed one.” 11 Then Elkanah went back home to Ramah. The boy Samuel was serving the Lord with the favor of Eli the priest.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 2:10
Septuagint
8 He lifts up the poor from the earth, and from the dung pile he raises the beggar to sit him with the princes of the people and makes them to inherit the throne of glory. Giving to the one who truly prays, he blesses also the years of the righteous. 9 Because a man is not mighty in strength, 10 the Lord will make his adversary weak. The Lord is holy. The wise must not boast in his wisdom, and the strong must not boast in his strength, and the wealthy must not boast in his wealth. Rather the one who boasts should boast in this: to understand and to know the Lord and to practice justice and righteousness in the midst of the land. The Lord went up into the heavens and thundered. He will judge the heights of the earth and give strength to our kings, and he will lift high the horn of his anointed.” 11 And she left him there before the Lord and departed to Ramah, and the child was ministering to the face of the Lord before Eli the priest.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 16:4
Hebrew Bible
3 Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you should do. You will anoint for me the one I point out to you.” 4 Samuel did what the Lord told him. When he arrived in Bethlehem, the elders of the city were afraid to meet him. They said, “Do you come in peace?” 5 He replied, “Yes, in peace. I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. Consecrate yourselves and come with me to the sacrifice.” So he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 16:4
Septuagint
3 And you should invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what to do. And you must anoint whomever I tell you.” 4 So Samuel did everything that the Lord told him. And so he went to Bethlehem, and the elders of the city expressed surprise because of his coming and said, “Is your coming peaceful, seer?” 5 And he said, “It is peaceful. I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. You should consecrate yourselves and celebrate with me today.” And he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 17:36
Hebrew Bible
35 I would go out after it, strike it down, and rescue the sheep from its mouth. If it rose up against me, I would grab it by its beard*, strike it, and kill it. 36 Your servant has struck down both the lion and the bear. This uncircumcised Philistine will be just like one of them, for he has defied the armies of the living God.” 37 David went on to say, “The Lord who delivered me from the lion and the bear will also deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.” Then Saul said to David, “Go! The Lord will be with you.”
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 17:36
Septuagint
35 I would go out after it and strike it and draw out from its mouth. And if it rose against me, then I held its throat and struck and killed it. 36 And your servant has beat down the bear and the lion, and the uncircumcised foreigner will be like one of these. Will I not go and strike him down and remove today the disgrace from Israel? Because who is this uncircumcised one who scorns the camp of the living God? 37 The Lord who rescued me from the hand of the lion and from the hand of the bear, he will rescue me from the hand of this uncircumcised foreigner.” So Saul said to David, “Go, and may the Lord be with you.”
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 17:43
Hebrew Bible
42 When the Philistine looked carefully at David, he despised him, for he was only a ruddy and handsome boy. 43 The Philistine said to David, “Am I a dog, that you are coming after me with sticks?” Then the Philistine cursed David by his gods. 44 The Philistine said to David, “Come here to me, so I can give your flesh to the birds of the sky and the wild animals of the field!”
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Samuel 17:42
Septuagint
42 And Goliath saw David and had dishonored him because he was a boy and he was ruddy, with attractive eyes. 43 So the foreigner said to David, “Am I like a dog that you would come against me with a rod and stones?” But David answered, “No, rather, you are worse than a dog!” And the foreigner swore at David by his gods. 44 And the foreigner said to David, “Come over here to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the heavens and to the livestock of the earth.”
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
2 Samuel 11:22
Hebrew Bible
21 Who struck down Abimelech the son of Jerub-Besheth? Didn’t a woman throw an upper millstone down on him from the wall so that he died in Thebez? Why did you go so close to the wall?’ just say to him, ‘Your servant Uriah the Hittite is also dead.’” 22 So the messenger departed. When he arrived, he informed David of all the news that Joab had sent with him. 23 The messenger said to David, “The men overpowered us and attacked us in the field. But we forced them to retreat all the way to the door of the city gate.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 2 Samuel 11:22
Septuagint
21 Who struck down Abimelech son of Jeroboam son of Ner? Was it not a woman who threw a piece of millstone on him from above the wall and he died at Thebez? Why did you go near to the wall?’ Then you should say, ‘Also, indeed, your servant Uriah the Hittite died.’” 22 And Joab’s messengers went to the king in Jerusalem and he arrived and reported to David everything that Joab told him, all the news of the battle. And David became wrathful against Joab and said to the messenger, “Why did you go near to the city? Did you not know that they would shoot from the wall? Who struck of Abimelech son of Jeroboam? Was it not a woman who threw a piece of millstone on him from the wall and he died in Thebez? Why did you go near to the wall?” 23 And the messenger said to David, “Because the men grew strong over us and came out against us in the field and we were over them as far as the door of the gate.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
2 Samuel 24:15
Hebrew Bible
14 David said to Gad, “I am very upset! I prefer that we be attacked by the Lord, for his mercy is great; I do not want to be attacked by human hands!” 15 So the Lord sent a plague through Israel from the morning until the completion of the appointed time, and 70,000 people died from Dan to Beer Sheba. 16 When the angel extended his hand to destroy Jerusalem, the Lord relented from his judgment. He told the angel who was killing the people, “That’s enough! Stop now!” (Now the angel of the Lord was near the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite.)
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 2 Samuel 24:15
Septuagint
14 And David said to Gad, “It is very narrow for me on every side. I will now fall in the Lord’s hand because his compassion is very great, but I must not fall into a human’s hands.” 15 So David chose for himself the death. And it was the days of the harvest of wheat and the Lord allowed death in Israel from early morning until lunch time and the slaughter began among the people. And they died from Dan to Beer-sheba, a total seventy thousand men. 16 And the angel of God reached his hand into Jerusalem to destroy it and the Lord relented from the wickedness and said to the angel who was destroying, “Among the people it is enough now. Release your hand.” And the angel of the Lord was before the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite.
7th-5th Centuries B.C.E.
Isaiah 3:25
Hebrew Bible
24 A putrid stench will replace the smell of spices, a rope will replace a belt, baldness will replace braided locks of hair, a sackcloth garment will replace a fine robe, and a prisoner’s brand will replace beauty. 25 Your men will fall by the sword, your strong men will die in battle. 26 Her gates will mourn and lament; deprived of her people, she will sit on the ground.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Isaiah 3:25
Septuagint
24 And instead of a pleasant scent there will be dust, and instead of a girdle you will gird yourself with a rope, and instead of a head adornment of gold you will have baldness because of your works, and instead of the tunic blended with purple you will gird yourself about with sackcloth. 25 And your most beautiful son, whom you love, shall fall by dagger, and your strong men shall fall by dagger and shall be brought low. 26 And the cases for your adornment shall mourn, and you shall be left alone and shall be dashed to the ground.
7th-5th Centuries B.C.E.
Isaiah 16:12
Hebrew Bible
11 So my heart constantly sighs for Moab, like the strumming of a harp, my inner being sighs for Kir Hareseth. 12 When the Moabites plead with all their might at their high places and enter their temples to pray, their prayers will be ineffective. 13 This is the message the Lord previously announced about Moab.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Isaiah 16:12
Septuagint
11 Therefore my belly will resound like a lyre upon Moab, and my inward parts will be like a wall that you have made new. 12 And it will be for your shame, because Moab has become weary at the altars, and she will enter the works of her hands in order to pray but will not be able to deliver him. 13 This was the word that the Lord spoke against Moab at the time he also spoke.
6th Century B.C.E.
Amos 1:3
Hebrew Bible
2 Amos said: “The Lord comes roaring out of Zion; from Jerusalem he comes bellowing! The shepherds’ pastures wilt; the summit of Carmel withers.” 3 This is what the Lord says: “Because Damascus has committed three crimes—make that four!—I will not revoke my decree of judgment. They ripped through Gilead like threshing sledges with iron teeth. 4 So I will set Hazael’s house on fire; fire will consume Ben Hadad’s fortresses.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Amos 1:3
Septuagint
2 And he said, “The Lord gave an utterance from Zion and gave his voice from Jerusalem, and the pastures of the shepherds mourned, and the peak of Carmel dried up.” 3 And the Lord said, “For three impious acts of Damascus, and for four, I will not turn away from him, because they sawed with saws made of iron the pregnant women of those in Gilead. 4 And I will send fire to the house of Hazael, and it will devour the foundations of the son of Hadad.
6th Century B.C.E.
Amos 6:9
Hebrew Bible
8 The Sovereign Lord confirms this oath by his very own life. The Lord God of Heaven’s Armies is speaking:“I despise Jacob’s arrogance; I hate their fortresses. I will hand over to their enemies the city of Samaria and everything in it.” 9 If 10 men are left in one house, they too will die. 10 When their close relatives, the ones who will burn the corpses, pick up their bodies to remove the bones from the house, they will say to anyone who is in the inner rooms of the house, “Is anyone else with you?” He will respond, “No one.” Then he will say, “Hush! Don’t invoke the Lord’s name!”
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Amos 6:9
Septuagint
8 Because the Lord swore by himself, “Because I loathe all the pride of Jacob, and I have hated his territories, so I will remove a city together with all those who inhabit it.” 9 And it will be, if ten remain in one house, so they will die, and the remnant will be left. 10 And their relatives will take them and act defiantly in order to carry out their bones from the house, and they will say to the leaders of the house, “Does one exist yet from you?” And someone will say, “No more.” And he will say, “Be silent, on account of not naming the name of the Lord!”
5th Century B.C.E.
Jeremiah 2:28
Hebrew Bible
27 They say to a wooden idol, ‘You are my father.’ They say to a stone image, ‘You gave birth to me.’ Yes, they have turned away from me instead of turning to me. Yet when they are in trouble, they say, ‘Come and save us!’ 28 But where are the gods you made for yourselves? Let them save you when you are in trouble. The sad fact is that you have as many gods as you have towns, Judah. 29 Why do you try to refute me? All of you have rebelled against me,”says the Lord.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Jeremiah 2:28
Septuagint
27 They said to the tree, ‘You are my father,’ and to the stone, ‘You have fathered me.’ And they have turned their back to me, and not their faces, and in the time of their evil they say, ‘Arise and save us! 28 And where are your gods that you have made for yourself? Will they rise up and deliver you in the time of your affliction? For your gods are as numerous as your cities, O Judah, and they sacrificed to Baal according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem. 29 “Why do you speak to me, all you who act wickedly and all you who act lawlessly toward me?” says the Lord.
5th Century B.C.E.
Jeremiah 27:16
Hebrew Bible
15 For I, the Lord, affirm that I did not send them. They are prophesying lies to you in my name. If you listen to them, I will drive you and the prophets who are prophesying lies out of the land and you will all die in exile.’” 16 I also told the priests and all the people, “The Lord says, ‘Do not listen to what your prophets are saying. They are prophesying to you that the valuable articles taken from the Lord’s temple will be brought back from Babylon very soon. But they are prophesying a lie to you. 17 Do not listen to them. Be subject to the king of Babylon. Then you will continue to live. Why should this city be made a pile of rubble?’”
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Jeremiah 34:16
Septuagint
12 because I did not send them,” declares the Lord, “and they are prophesying wrongly in my name so as to destroy you; and you and your prophets who prophesy lies wrongly to you will be destroyed. 13 I have spoken to you and all this people and the priests, saying, ‘This is what the Lord said: “Do not listen to the words of the prophets who are prophesying to you, saying, ‘Look, the vessels of the house of the Lord will return from Babylon,’ because they are prophesying wrongly to you. 14 I did not send them.
5th Century B.C.E.
Jeremiah 41:5
Hebrew Bible
4 On the day after Gedaliah had been murdered, before anyone even knew about it, 5 80 men arrived from Shechem, Shiloh, and Samaria. They had shaved off their beards, torn their clothes, and cut themselves to show they were mourning. They were carrying grain offerings and incense to present at the temple of the Lord in Jerusalem. 6 Ishmael son of Nethaniah went out from Mizpah to meet them. He was pretending to cry as he walked along. When he met them, he said to them, “Come with me to meet Gedaliah son of Ahikam.”
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Jeremiah 48:4
Septuagint
4 And this happened on the second day after his striking Gedaliah and no person knew it: 5 And men arrived from Shechem and from Salem and from Samaria, eighty men with beards shaven and cloaks torn, and striking their breasts, and manna and frankincense in their hands to bring into the house of the Lord. 6 And Ishmael came out to meet them. They kept going and weeping, and he said to them, “Enter to Gedaliah.”
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 2:21
Hebrew Bible
18 For she has set her house by death and her paths by the place of the departed spirits. 19 None who go in to her will return, nor will they reach the paths of life. 20 So you will walk in the way of good people and will keep on the paths of the righteous. 21 For the upright will reside in the land, and those with integrity will remain in it,
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 2:21
Septuagint
18 for she has set her house close by death and her paths close by Hades with the shades. 19 All who go in it will not return, and they would never attain to straight paths, for they are not seized by years of life; 20 for if they proceeded on good paths, they would find smooth paths of righteousness; 21 because the upright will inhabit the land, and the pious will be left in it;
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 6:8
Hebrew Bible
6 Go to the ant, you sluggard; observe her ways and be wise! 7 It has no commander, overseer, or ruler, 8 yet it would prepare its food in the summer; it gathered at the harvest what it will eat. 9 How long, you sluggard, will you lie there? When will you rise from your sleep? 10 A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to relax, 11 and your poverty will come like a robber, and your need like an armed man.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 6:8
Septuagint
6 Go to the ant, O sluggard, and be jealous when you see its ways, and grow wiser than that one; 7 for although a field does not belong to that one, and he has no one to compel him and is under no master, 8 he prepares much food for himself during summer, and in the harvest he makes provisions. 8 a Or go to the bee and learn what a worker she is and how solemn she makes her work; 8 b whose toil kings and commoners consume for health, and it is desirable to all and glorious; 8 c although she has feeble bodily strength, because she honors wisdom, she is promoted.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 23:4
Hebrew Bible
3 Do not crave that ruler’s delicacies, for that food is deceptive. 4 Do not wear yourself out to become rich; be wise enough to restrain yourself. 5 When you gaze upon riches, they are gone, for they surely make wings for themselves and fly off into the sky like an eagle!
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 23:4
Septuagint
3 do not long for his delicacies, for these belong to a false life. 4 When poor, do not compare yourself to the rich, and stay remote in your insight. 5 If you set your eye toward him, it will fall nowhere at all; for a wing is made for him, just as for an eagle, and he returns to the house of his master.
400 B.C.E.
Democritus Fragments
Classical
Democritus: A person shows good judgement if he is not grieved by what he does not have, but is pleased with what he does have. The desire for more destroys what one has, as with the dog in Aesop's fable. Democritus: Someone who contends with a superior ends up with a bad reputation. One should recognize that human life is feeble and short and heaped up with all sorts of evils and disasters, so as to aim at moderate acquisition and measure one's trouble against what is necessary. Democritus: Helplessness on the part of all is worse than the helpless of each individual; for there is left no hope of assistance.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 23:27
Hebrew Bible
26 Give me your heart, my son, and let your eyes observe my ways; 27 for a prostitute is like a deep pit; a harlot is like a narrow well. 28 Indeed, she lies in wait like a robber and increases the unfaithful among men.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 23:27
Septuagint
26 Give me, son, your heart, and may your eyes keep my ways. 27 For another’s house is a leaky wine jar, and another’s cistern is narrow. 28 For this will suddenly perish, and every lawbreaker will be destroyed.
380 BCE
Plato Dialogue with Gorgias 493b
Classical
a tale in which he called the soul—because of its believing and make-believe nature—a vessel, and the ignorant he called the uninitiated or leaky, and the place in the souls of the uninitiated in which the desires are seated, being the intemperate and incontinent part, he compared to a leaky vessel full of holes, because it can never be satisfied. He is not of your way of thinking, Callicles, for he declares, that of all the souls in Hades, meaning the invisible world, these uninitiated or leaky persons are the most miserable, and that they pour water into a vessel which is full of holes out of a colander which is similarly perforated. The colander, as my informer assures me, is the soul, and the
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 24:22
Hebrew Bible
21 Fear the Lord, my child, as well as the king, and do not associate with rebels, 22 for suddenly their destruction will overtake them, and who knows the ruinous judgment both the Lord and the king can bring? 23 These sayings also are from the wise: To show partiality in judgment is terrible:
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 24:22
Septuagint
21 Fear God, son—and the king, and disobey neither of them; 22 for they will suddenly punish the ungodly, and who shall know the retributions of both? 22 a A son who keeps the word will be beyond destruction, and, receiving, he received it. 22 b Let no falsehood be spoken from the tongue to the king, and let no falsehood come out from his tongue.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 25:10
Hebrew Bible
9 When you argue a case with your neighbor, do not reveal the secret of another person, 10 lest the one who hears it put you to shame and your infamy will never go away. 11 Like apples of gold in settings of silver, so is a word skillfully spoken. 12 Like an earring of gold and an ornament of fine gold, so is a wise reprover to the ear of the one who listens.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 25:10
Septuagint
9 Retreat to the rear; do not be disdainful, 10 lest the friend reproach you, and your fight and enmity not depart, 10 a but it will be equal to death for you. Favor and affection are free things that you should keep for yourself, lest you become reproached, but guard your ways peaceably. 11 A golden apple in a small necklace of sardius, so is speaking a word.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 26:11
Hebrew Bible
10 Like an archer who wounds at random, so is the one who hires a fool or hires any passerby. 11 Like a dog that returns to its vomit, so a fool repeats his folly. 12 You have seen a man wise in his own opinion— there is more hope for a fool than for him. 13 The sluggard has said, “There is a lion in the road! A lion in the streets!”
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 26:11a
Septuagint
9 Thorns grow in the hand of a drunkard, and bondage in the hand of the foolish. 10 All the flesh of fools suffer many things, for their entrancement is crushed. 11 As a dog when he comes upon his own vomit and becomes detestable, so is a fool who in his own wickedness returns to his own sin. 11 a There is a shame that brings on sin, and there is a shame that is glory and favor. 12 I saw a man who seemed wise to himself; however, a fool has more hope than he has.
195-175 B.C.E.
Sirach 4:21
Deuterocanon
20 Watch for the opportune time, and beware of evil, and do not be ashamed to be yourself. 21 For there is a shame that leads to sin, and there is a shame that is glory and favor. 22 Do not show partiality, to your own harm, or deference, to your downfall. 23 Do not refrain from speaking at the proper moment, and do not hide your wisdom.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Proverbs 26:22
Hebrew Bible
21 Like charcoal is to burning coals, and wood to fire, so is a contentious person to kindle strife. 22 The words of a gossip are like choice morsels; and they have gone down into a person’s innermost being. 23 Like a coating of glaze over earthenware are fervent lips with an evil heart.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Proverbs 26:22
Septuagint
21 A hearth is for charcoal and firewood for fire, but a pestilent man tends to disturbance of strife. 22 Words of cunning knaves are soft, and these beat in the chambers of the guts. 23 Silver that is given with deceit is to be considered earthenware; smooth lips conceal a sorrowful heart.
7th Century BCE
Hesiod Homerica
Classical
Suidas, Cercopes. These were two brothers living upon the earth who practiced every kind of knavery. They were called Cercopes (‘monkey men’) because of their cunning doings: one of them was named Passalus and the other Acmon. Their mother, a daughter of Memnon, seeing their tricks, told them to keep clear of Black-bottom, that is, of Heracles. These Cercopes were sons of the gods Theia and Ocean, and are said to have been turned to stone for trying to deceive Zeus. ‘Liars and cheats, skilled in deeds irremediable, accomplished knaves. Far over the world they roamed deceiving men as they wandered continually.’
5th Century B.C.E.
Job 1:5
Hebrew Bible
3 His possessions included 7,000 sheep, 3,000 camels, 500 yoke of oxen, and 500 female donkeys; in addition he had a very great household. Thus he was the greatest of all the people in the east. 4 Now his sons used to go and hold a feast in the house of each one in turn, and they would send and invite their three sisters to eat and to drink with them. 5 When the days of their feasting were finished, Job would send for them and sanctify them; he would get up early in the morning and offer burnt offerings according to the number of them all. For Job thought, “Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts.” This was Job’s customary practice.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Job 1:5
Septuagint
3 And his livestock included seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen, five hundred grazing female donkeys, and very many servants, and he had great works on the land. And that man was the best born of men from the east.a 4 And coming together with one another, his sons made a banquet each day, bringing along also their three sisters to eat and drink with them. 5 And when the days of the banquet were finished, Job sent and purified them, rising up each morning and offering for them a sacrifice according to their number, one calf for a sin-offering for their lives—for Job said, “In case my sons have thought evil things in their minds toward God.” So Job acted all the days.
5th Century B.C.E.
Job 2:9
Hebrew Bible
7 So Satan went out from the presence of the Lord, and he afflicted Job with a malignant ulcer from the soles of his feet to the top of his head. 8 Job took a shard of broken pottery to scrape himself with while he was sitting among the ashes. 9 Then his wife said to him, “Are you still holding firmly to your integrity? Curse God, and die!” 10 But he replied, “You’re talking like one of the godless women would do! Should we receive what is good from God, and not also receive what is evil?” In all this Job did not sin by what he said. 11 When Job’s three friends heard about all this calamity that had happened to him, each of them came from his own country—Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite. They met together to come to show sympathy for him and to console him.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Job 2:9
Septuagint
6 And the Lord said to the devil, “Behold, I deliver him to you; only guard carefully his life.” 7 So the devil went out from the Lord and struck Job by grievous sores from foot to head. 8 And he took a potsherd in order to scrape the pus and sat on the dunghill outside the city. 9 And after much time had passed, his wife said to him, “How long will you wait, saying, 9a ‘Behold, I wait for just a little time to receive the hope of my deliverance?’ 9b For behold, your memory has been removed from the earth, sons and daughters of my belly, pangs and labors that I labored with hardship pointlessly. 9c And you? You seat yourself among the decay of worms to pass the night in the open air.
5th Century B.C.E.
Job 2:11
Hebrew Bible
9 Then his wife said to him, “Are you still holding firmly to your integrity? Curse God, and die!” 10 But he replied, “You’re talking like one of the godless women would do! Should we receive what is good from God, and not also receive what is evil?” In all this Job did not sin by what he said. 11 When Job’s three friends heard about all this calamity that had happened to him, each of them came from his own country—Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite. They met together to come to show sympathy for him and to console him. 12 But when they gazed intently from a distance but did not recognize him, they began to weep loudly. Each of them tore his robes, and they threw dust into the air over their heads. 13 Then they sat down with him on the ground for seven days and seven nights, yet no one spoke a word to him, for they saw that his pain was very great.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Job 2:11
Septuagint
9 Now say some word to the Lord and die!” 10 But looking up he said to her, “You speak like one of the foolish women. If we accept good things from the hand of the Lord, shall we not endure evil things?” In all these things that happened to him, in no way did Job sin by his speaking before God. Job’s Three Friends 11 And his three friends, hearing all the evil things that had come upon him, came each from his own territory to him. Eliphaz, the king of the Temanites, Bildad, the tyrant of the Shuhites, and Zophar, the king of the Naamathites, came to him together, in order to encourage and visit him. 12 But seeing him from a distance, they did not recognize him, and crying out loud with a great voice, they wept, each one tearing his own garment and covering himself with dirt. 13 They sat down with him for seven days and seven nights, and none of them spoke, for they saw that his misfortune was dreadful and very great. Job Laments His Birth
5th Century B.C.E.
Job 42:17
Hebrew Bible
15 Nowhere in all the land could women be found who were as beautiful as Job’s daughters, and their father granted them an inheritance alongside their brothers. 16 After this Job lived 140 years; he saw his children and their children to the fourth generation. 17 And so Job died, old and full of days.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Job 42:17
Septuagint
15 And there were not found in comparison with Job’s daughters anyone fairer than them upon the earth under the heavens. And their father gave them an inheritance, along with their brothers. 16 And Job lived after the misfortune one hundred and seventy years, and all the years he lived were two hundred and forty, and Job saw his sons and the sons of his sons to the fourth generation. 17 And Job died an old man and full of days. 17a And it is written that he shall rise again with the ones whom the Lord shall raise up. 17b This man is described by the Syriac book as dwelling in the land of Uz on the borders of Edom and Arabia. And his name before was Jobab.
4th Century B.C.E.
1 Chronicles 16:40
Hebrew Bible
39 Zadok the priest and his fellow priests served before the Lord’s tabernacle at the worship center in Gibeon, 40 regularly offering burnt sacrifices to the Lord on the altar for burnt sacrifice, morning and evening, according to what is prescribed in the law of the Lord which he charged Israel to observe. 41 Joining them were Heman, Jeduthun, and the rest of those chosen and designated by name to give thanks to the Lord. (For his loyal love endures!)
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX 1 Chronicles 16:40
Septuagint
39 Zadok the priest and his brothers were the priests before the tabernacle of the Lord in Bama, which is in Gibeon, 40 to offer whole burnt offerings to the Lord on the altar of the whole burn offerings through all the mornings and the evenings, and according to everything that is written in the law of the Lord, as much as he commanded for the sons of Israel by the hand of Moses, the servant of God. 41 With him were Heman and Jeduthun and the rest picked out by name to praise the Lord, because his mercy is for eternity.
2nd Century B.C.E.
Esther 2:20
Hebrew Bible
18 Then the king prepared a large banquet for all his officials and his servants—it was actually Esther’s banquet. He also set aside a holiday for the provinces, and he provided for offerings at the king’s expense. 19 Now when the young women were being gathered again, Mordecai was sitting at the king’s gate. 20 Esther was still not divulging her lineage or her people, just as Mordecai had instructed her. Esther continued to do whatever Mordecai said, just as she had done when he was raising her. 21 In those days while Mordecai was sitting at the king’s gate, Bigthan and Teresh, two of the king’s eunuchs who protected the entrance, became angry and plotted to assassinate King Ahasuerus.
1st Century B.C.E.
LXX Esther 2:20
Septuagint
17 And the king loved Esther, and she found favor more than all the other virgins, and he placed the queen’s crown upon her. 18 Then the king held a drinking party for all his friends and for those with influence; for seven days he celebrated his marriage to Esther and granted rest to those under his reign. 19 Now Mordecai was attending in the courtyard. 20 And Esther had not revealed her country, for Mordecai had commanded her to fear God and to keep his commandments, as when she was with him, and Esther did not change her way of life.