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Onkelos Exodus

About this book

The Ten Commandments

Chapter 20

1 And the Lord spoke all these words, saying, 2 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 3 You shall have no other God besides Me. 4 You shall not make for yourself an image or likeness of anything that is in the heavens above, or on the earth beneath, or in the waters under the earth: 5 you shall not worship them or serve them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, punishing the rebellious children for the sins of the fathers to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate Me, when the children continue to sin as their fathers did;⁠ 6 but doing good to thousands of generations of those who love Me and keep My commandments. 7 You shall not swear by the name of the Lord your God in vain; for the Lord will not let anyone who swears falsely by His Name go unpunished. 8 Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. 9 For six days you shall labor and do all your work; 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath before the Lord your God. You shall not do any work: not you, your son, your daughter, your male or female servant, your cattle, or the foreigner who lives in your city. 11 For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the seas and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; so the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you. 13 You shall not kill a person. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor. 14 You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.

The People at Sinai and Instructions for the Altar

15 And all the people saw the thunder and the flames and the sound of the trumpet and the mountain smoking; and the people saw it and trembled, and stood at a distance. 16 And they said to Moses, You speak with us, and we will listen; but do not let it be spoken to us from the Lord's presence, or we will die. 17 And Moses said to the people, Do not be afraid; He has revealed the glory of the Lord to you in order to test you, and so that the fear of Him may be before you, so that you do not sin. 18 And the people stood at a distance, but Moses came near to the darkness where the glory of the Lord was. 19 And the Lord said to Moses, This is what you shall say to the children of Israel: You have seen that I have spoken to you from the heavens. 20 You shall not make idols of silver before Me,⁠ and you shall not make idols of gold for yourselves. 21 You shall make an altar of earth before Me, and offer on it your burnt offerings and your holy sacrifices, your sheep and your oxen. In every place where I cause My Shekinah to dwell, there I will send My blessing and bless you. 22 And if you make Me an altar of stone before Me, you shall not build it of cut stones, for if you lift your cutting tool on it, you will profane it. 23 And you shall not go up to My altar by steps, so that your nakedness is not seen on it.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 20:23 and Onkelos Exodus 20:20

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Exodus 20, God forbids making “gods alongside me,” language some interpreters saw as banning images of heavenly beings or avoiding comparisons to God. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos uses “idols”, removing any sense of equality with God.

Passages

Exodus 20:23

Hebrew Bible
22 The Lord said to Moses, “Thus you will tell the Israelites: ‘You yourselves have seen that I have spoken with you from heaven. 23 You must not make gods of silver alongside me, nor make gods of gold for yourselves. 24 “‘You must make for me an altar made of earth, and you will sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and your peace offerings, your sheep and your cattle. In every place where I cause my name to be honored I will come to you and I will bless you.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 20:20

Targum
19 And the Lord said to Moses, This is what you shall say to the children of Israel: You have seen that I have spoken to you from the heavens. 20 You shall not make idols of silver before Me, and you shall not make idols of gold for yourselves. 21 You shall make an altar of earth before Me, and offer on it your burnt offerings and your holy sacrifices, your sheep and your oxen. In every place where I cause My Shekinah to dwell, there I will send My blessing and bless you.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

"... Rather than the biblical 'with me,' which, according to opinions in the Babylonian Talmud (Avodah Zarah 43b), means 'heavenly beings' or 'a human face.' Rabbi Akiva in the Mekhilta sees it as an ethical injunction: do not treat Me as others treat their gods, praising them only for good tidings. Onkelos sidesteps the anthropomorphism. Rashi, borrowing from the Mekhilta, renders it as 'you shall not make an image of my servants who serve before Me in the heavens.' Ibn Ezra explains that the Israelites might be inclined to make gods to serve as intermediaries between them and God (as in the case of the Golden Calf.) Hence, God warns them, 'I do not need intermediaries with Me.' ... 'Idols' is more specific than the biblical 'gods.' The Aramaic makes the change for clarity and so as not to give them equality with the Lord ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 128.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 20:23 and Onkelos Exodus 20:20

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