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LXX Exodus

Septuagint

About this book
Chapter 21

1 And these are the ordinances which you shall set before them. 2 If you buy a Hebrew servant, six years he will serve you, and in the seventh year he shall go forth free for nothing. 3 If he should have come in alone, he shall also go forth alone; and if his wife should have gone in together with him, his wife also shall go out with him. 4 Moreover, if his master gives him a wife, and she has borne him sons or daughters, the wife and the children shall be his master's; and he shall go forth alone. 5 And if the servant should answer and say, I love my master and wife and children, I will not go away free; 6 his master shall bring him to the judgment-seat of God,⁠ and then he will bring him to the door, to the door-post, and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him for ever. 7 And if any one sells his daughter as a domestic, she shall not depart as the maidservants depart. 8 If she is not pleasing to her master, after she has betrothed herself to him, he shall let her go free; but he is not at liberty to sell her to a foreign nation, because he has trifled with her. 9 And if he should have betrothed her to his son, he shall do to her according to the right of daughters. 10 And if he takes another to himself, he shall not deprive her of necessaries and her clothing, and her companionship with him. 11 And if he will not do these three things to her, she shall go out free without money. 12 And if any man strikes another and he dies, let him be certainly put to death. 13 But as for him that did not do it willingly, but God delivered him into his hands, I will give you a place to which the slayer may flee. 14 And if any one lies in wait for his neighbor to kill him by craft, and goes for refuge, you shall take him from my altar to put him to death. 15 Whoever strikes his father or his mother, let him be certainly put to death. 16 He that reviles his father or his mother shall surely die. 17 Whoever shall steal one of the children of Israel, and prevail over him and sell him, and he is found with him, let him certainly die. 18 And if two men revile each other and one strikes the other with a stone or his fist, and he does not die, but is laid upon his bed; 19 if the man arise and walk abroad on his staff, he that struck him shall be clear; only he shall pay for his loss of time, and for his healing. 20 And if a man strikes his man-servant or his maidservant with a rod, and the party dies under his hands, he shall be surely punished. 21 But if the servant continues to live a day or two, let not the master be punished; for he is his money. 22 And if two men strive and strike a woman with child, and her child is born imperfectly formed,⁠ he shall be forced to pay a penalty: as the woman's husband may lay upon him, he shall pay with a valuation. 23 But if it is perfectly formed, he shall give life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. 26 And if one strikes the eye of his man-servant, or the eye of his maidservant, and puts it out, he shall let them go free for their eye's sake. 27 And if he should strike out the tooth of his man-servant, or the tooth of his maidservant, he shall send them away free for their tooth's sake. 28 And if a bull gores a man or woman and they die, the bull shall be stoned with stones, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the bull shall be clear. 29 But if the bull should have been given to goring in former time, and men should have told his owner, and he has not removed him, but he should have killed a man or woman, the bull shall be stoned, and his owner shall die also. 30 And if a ransom should be imposed on him, he shall pay for the ransom of his soul as much as they shall lay upon him. 31 And if the bull gores a son or daughter, let them do to him according to this ordinance. 32 And if the bull gores a man-servant or maidservant, he shall pay to their master thirty silver didrachmas, and the bull shall be stoned. 33 And if any one opens a pit or digs a cavity in stone, and does not cover it, and an ox or an donkey falls in there, 34 the owner of the pit shall make compensation; he shall give money to their owner, and the dead shall be his own. 35 And if any man's bull gores the bull of his neighbor, and it dies, they shall sell the living bull and divide the money, and they shall divide the dead bull. 36 But if the bull is known to have been given to goring in time past, and they have testified to his owner, and he has not removed him, he shall repay bull for bull, but the dead shall be his own. 37 And if one steals a calf or a sheep, and kills it or sells it, he shall pay five calves for a calf, and four sheep for a sheep.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 21:22 and LXX Exodus 21:22

Hebrew Bible · Septuagint

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Summary

Exodus 21 describes a miscarriage caused by violence and requires punishment only if further harm follows. The Greek Septuagint adds a difference between an unformed and fully formed fetus, applying “life for life” only to the fully developed fetus.
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Passages

Exodus 21:22

Hebrew Bible
22 “If men fight and hit a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, but there is no serious injury, the one who hit her will surely be punished in accordance with what the woman’s husband demands of him, and he will pay what the court decides. 23 But if there is serious injury, then you will give a life for a life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

LXX Exodus 21:22

Septuagint
22 And if two men strive and strike a woman with child, and her child is born imperfectly formed, he shall be forced to pay a penalty: as the woman's husband may lay upon him, he shall pay with a valuation. 23 But if it is perfectly formed, he shall give life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Exodus

References

"... This law comes in the midst of a series of statutes concerned with liability for personal injury. This particular case involves a pregnant woman, apparently an innocent bystander at a fight, who is struck by one of the fighters in such a way that she miscarries.' The translation is an attempt to duplicate some of the difficulties of the law as it appears in the traditional Hebrew text. And difficulties there certainly are. What, for example, does the text mean by saying 'and there is no mishap' when the case itself describes a mishap? Apparently, the mishap mentioned refers to something other than, still more severe than, a miscarriage. Or is it the case that the 'mishap' applies to some kinds of miscarriages but not all? Then there is the apparent contradiction in the penalty described when there is no "mishap" ... The Septuagint's interpretation (for it has apparently deviated from direct translation here) holds that the 'mishap' in question is the death of a baby at a relatively advanced state of development, that is, one that was 'fully formed' in the womb. If the accident happens before the baby is fully formed, then the guilty party is merely fined; but if the baby is fully formed, then the man who struck her is liable to the death penalty. Among other things, this interpretation seems to imply that the unformed fetus is not yet a "soul" for whom the principle of "a soul for a soul" may be implied ..."
James L. Kugel, The Bible as It Was (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 396.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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