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Jonah

About this book

Jonah Goes to Nineveh

Chapter 3

1 The Lord’s message came to Jonah a second time, 2 “Go immediately to Nineveh, that large city, and proclaim to it the message that I tell you.”⁠ 3 So Jonah went immediately to Nineveh, in keeping with the Lord’s message. Now Nineveh was an enormous city—it required three days to walk through it! 4 Jonah began to enter the city by going one day’s walk, announcing, “At the end of 40 days, Nineveh will be overthrown!”⁠

Nineveh Repents

5 The people of Nineveh believed in God, and they declared a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest to the least of them.⁠

6 When the news reached the king of Nineveh, he got up from his throne, took off his royal robe, put on sackcloth, and sat on ashes. 7 He issued a proclamation and said, “In Nineveh, by the decree of the king and his nobles: No human or animal, cattle or sheep, is to taste anything; they must not eat and they must not drink water. 8 Every person and animal must put on sackcloth and must cry earnestly to God, and everyone must turn from their evil way of living and from the violence that they do.⁠ 9 Who knows? Perhaps God might be willing to change his mind and relent and turn from his fierce anger so that we might not die.”⁠

10 When God saw their actions—that they turned from their evil way of living—God⁠ relented concerning the judgment he had threatened them⁠ with and did not destroy them.⁠

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Texts in conversation

Compare Jonah 3:10 and Jonathan Jonah 3:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Jonah, God sees Nineveh’s changed behavior. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, its deeds are revealed before him, avoiding the portrayal of God as someone who sees with human eyes.

Passages

Jonah 3:10

Hebrew Bible
8 Every person and animal must put on sackcloth and must cry earnestly to God, and everyone must turn from their evil way of living and from the violence that they do. 9 Who knows? Perhaps God might be willing to change his mind and relent and turn from his fierce anger so that we might not die.”10 When God saw their actions—that they turned from their evil way of living—God relented concerning the judgment he had threatened them with and did not destroy them.
539–332 BCE Read in Jonah

Jonathan Jonah 3:10

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
8 “People and animals must be covered in sackcloth and pray earnestly before the LORD, and each person must turn from his wicked way and from the violence in their hands.9 “Whoever knows they are guilty of sins must turn away from them. Then the LORD will have mercy on them and turn away from His fierce anger, so that we will not die.”10 And their acts were revealed before God, that they had turned from their evil ways, and God turned away the disaster He had said He would bring on them and did not do it.

References

“... 3: 10. wayya~ hifelohfm )et-ma'asehem kf-siiba middarkiim hiirii'a wayyinnii~em hii)elohfm 'al-hiira'a )aser-dibber la'asot-liihem wel6) 'iisa. The verse replays previ- ous vocabulary and constructions in order to reinforce the connection between cause (the Ninevites' plan of acti'ons) and effect (God's change of mind). In sequence and language, the account of God's change in mind parallels what obtains in Exod 32: 12-14. ~10ses uses imperatives as he urges God not to retaliate against Israel's worship of the Golden Calf, sllb me~aron )appekii wehinnii~em 'al-hiirii'a le'alnlnekii, "Turn away from your anger and renounce plans for a disaster against your people." (Freedman reminds me that the same direct request is in Ps 90: 13, itself attributed to Moses.) We are then told (v 14) that "The Lord renounced plans for the disaster he had threatened against his folk," wayyinnii~em YHWH 'al-hiirii'ft )aser dibber la'asot le'ammo. Similar senti- ments (though by no means the sanle responses) are common to Jeremiah, where ~iisab occasionally replaces the (D stem) verb dibber; see Vanoni 1978: 138, 144-45. Targum once more avoids attributing human senses directly to God and therefore has "Their deeds became manifest to the Lord," wgln qdm YY 'wbdyhwn. ...”
Jack M. Sasson, Jonah: A New Translation with Introduction, Commentary, and Interpretation (New York: Doubleday, 1990), 263.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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