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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 51

1 “Listen to me, you who pursue godliness, who seek the Lord. Look at the rock from which you were chiseled, at the quarry from which you were dug. 2 Look at Abraham, your father, and Sarah, who gave you birth. When I summoned him, he was a lone individual, but I blessed him and gave him numerous descendants.⁠ 3 Certainly the Lord will console Zion; he will console all her ruins. He will make her wilderness like Eden, her arid rift valley like the garden of the Lord. Happiness and joy will be restored to her, thanksgiving and the sound of music.⁠ 4 Pay attention to me, my people. Listen to me, my people! For I will issue a decree, I will make my justice a light to the nations.⁠ 5 I am ready to vindicate, I am ready to deliver, I will establish justice among the nations. The coastlands wait patiently for me; they wait in anticipation for the revelation of my power. 6 Look up at the sky. Look at the earth below.⁠ For the sky will dissipate like smoke, and the earth will wear out like clothes;⁠ its residents will die like gnats. But the deliverance I give is permanent; the vindication I provide will not disappear. 7 Listen to me, you who know what is right, you people who have my law in their heart.22⁠ Don’t be afraid of the insults of men; don’t be discouraged because of their abuse. 8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord!⁠ Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity.⁠ Did you not smash Rahab?26 Did you not wound the sea monster?⁠ 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over? 11 Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear. 12 “I, I am the one who consoles you. Why are you afraid of mortal men, of mere human beings who are as short-lived as grass? 13 Why do you forget the Lord, who made you, who stretched out the sky and founded the earth?⁠ Why do you constantly tremble all day long at the anger of the oppressor, when he makes plans to destroy? Where is the anger of the oppressor? 14 The one who suffers will soon be released; he will not die in prison, he will not go hungry. 15 I am the Lord your God, who churns up the sea so that its waves surge. The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is his name! 16 “I commission you as my spokesman; I cover you with the palm of my hand to establish the sky and to found the earth, to say to Zion, ‘You are my people.’”⁠ 17 Wake up! Wake up! Get up, O Jerusalem! You drank from the cup the Lord passed to you, which was full of his anger. You drained dry the goblet full of intoxicating wine.⁠ 18 There was no one to lead her among all the children she bore; there was no one to take her by the hand among all the children she raised. 19 These double disasters confronted you. But who feels sorry for you? Destruction and devastation, famine and sword. But who consoles you? 20 Your children faint; they lie at the head of every street like an antelope in a snare. They are left in a stupor by the Lord’s anger, by the battle cry of your God. 21 So listen to this, oppressed one, who is drunk, but not from wine. 22 This is what your Sovereign Lord, even your God who judges his people says: “Look, I have removed from your hand the cup of intoxicating wine, the goblet full of my anger. You will no longer have to drink it.⁠ 23 I will put it into the hand of your tormentors who said to you, ‘Lie down, so we can walk over you.’⁠ You made your back like the ground and like the street for those who walked over you.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 51:16 and Jonathan Isaiah 51:16

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Isaiah 51 describes divine commissioning and protection. The Aramaic Targum expands this with a reference to Abraham, interpreting the founding of the nation as fulfilling the promise that his descendants would be as many as the dust, echoing Genesis 13.

Passages

Isaiah 51:16

Hebrew Bible
14 The one who suffers will soon be released; he will not die in prison, he will not go hungry. 15 I am the Lord your God, who churns up the sea so that its waves surge. The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is his name! 16 “I commission you as my spokesman; I cover you with the palm of my hand to establish the sky and to found the earth, to say to Zion, ‘You are my people.’” 17 Wake up! Wake up! Get up, O Jerusalem! You drank from the cup the Lord passed to you, which was full of his anger. You drained dry the goblet full of intoxicating wine. 18 There was no one to lead her among all the children she bore; there was no one to take her by the hand among all the children she raised.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 51:16

Targum
14 Vengeance hastens to be revealed, and the righteous will not die in the pit, nor will they lack their food. 15 For I am the LORD your God, who rebukes the sea though its waves roar; the LORD of hosts is His name. 16 I have put the words of my prophecy in your mouth, and with the shadow of my power I have protected you, to raise up the nation concerning which it has been promised that they will be as many as the stars of heaven, and to establish the congregation concerning which it has been promised that they will multiply like the dust of the earth, and to say to the inhabitants of Zion, “You are my people.” 17 Magnify yourself, magnify yourself; arise, O Jerusalem! you who have received from the LORD the cup of His wrath; the bowl of the cup of cursing you have drunk, and you have drained it. 18 There is no one to comfort her of all the sons she has brought forth, nor is there one to take hold of her hand of all the sons she has raised.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... Rava’s striking exegetical theology is followed by Rav Joseph, who further mitigates the divine disfavor and facial aversion. He claims that God’s hand rests upon the Jews, even if his face is averted, citing Isaiah 51:16, in which God covers Israel in “the shadow of his hand” and goes on to reassure them, “You are my people.” ... Compare Targum of Jonathan to Isaiah 51:16 ..."
Rachel Neis, The Sense of Sight in Rabbinic Culture: Jewish Ways of Seeing in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 65.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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