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Genesis

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Jacob's Farewell to His Sons

Chapter 49

1 Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.⁠ 2 “Assemble and listen, you sons of Jacob; listen to Israel, your father. 3 Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the beginning of my strength, outstanding in dignity, outstanding in power. 4 You are destructive like water and will not excel, for you got on your father’s bed, then you defiled it—he got on my couch!⁠ 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives!⁠ 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen.⁠ 7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce,⁠ and their fury, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel! 8 Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies,⁠ your father’s sons will bow down before you.⁠ 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him?⁠ 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah,⁠ nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,⁠ until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him.⁠ 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine,⁠ he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.⁠ 12 His eyes will be red from wine, and his teeth white from milk. 13 Zebulun will live by the haven of the sea and become a haven for ships; his border will extend to Sidon. 14 Issachar is a strong-boned donkey lying down between two saddlebags. 15 When he sees a good resting place, and the pleasant land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and become a slave laborer. 16 Dan will judge his people as one of the tribes of Israel. 17 May Dan be a snake beside the road, a viper by the path, that bites the heels of the horse so that its rider falls backward. 18 I wait for your deliverance, O Lord. 19 Gad will be raided by marauding bands, but he will attack them at their heels. 20 Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide delicacies to royalty. 21 Naphtali is a free running doe, he speaks delightful words. 22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, a fruitful bough near a spring whose branches climb over the wall. 23 The archers will attack him, they will shoot at him and oppose him. 24 But his bow will remain steady, and his hands will be skillful; because of the hands of the Powerful One of Jacob,⁠ because of the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel,⁠ 25 because of the God of your father, who will help you, because of the Sovereign God, who will bless you⁠ with blessings from the sky above, blessings from the deep that lies below,⁠ and blessings of the breasts and womb.⁠ 26 The blessings of your father are greater than the blessings of the eternal mountains or the desirable things of the age-old hills. They will be on the head of Joseph and on the brow of the prince of his brothers.⁠ 27 Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning devouring the prey, and in the evening dividing the plunder.” 28 These are the twelve tribes of Israel. This is what their father said to them when he blessed them. He gave each of them an appropriate blessing.

Jacob's Burial Instructions and Death

29 Then he instructed them, “I am about to go to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite. 30 It is the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought for a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite. 31 There they buried Abraham and his wife Sarah; there they buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah;⁠ and there I buried Leah. 32 The field and the cave in it were acquired from the sons of Heth.” 33 When Jacob finished giving these instructions to his sons, he pulled his feet up onto the bed, breathed his last breath, and went to his people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 49:10 and LXX Genesis 49:10

Hebrew Bible · Septuagint

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Summary

Genesis 49 focuses on Judah’s leadership, which the Greek Septuagint changes to “the expectation of the nations.” This changes a tribal promise to a universal hope, where the nations are not subjects but also waiting expectantly.

Passages

Genesis 49:10

Hebrew Bible
9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him? 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him. 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine, he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

LXX Genesis 49:10

Septuagint
9 Judah is a lion's cub: from the tender plant, my son, you have gone up, having couched you lie as a lion, and as a cub; who shall stir him up? 10 A ruler shall not fail from Judah, nor a prince from his own body, until there come the things stored up for him; and he is the expectation of nations. 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and the foal of his donkey to the branch of it, he shall wash his robe in wine, and his garment in the blood of the grape.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Genesis

References

"... the literary and transmission history of biblical literature, of which biblical and apocryphal manuscripts from Qumran provide our earliest extensive witnesses and to which the Septuagint as early translation and indirect witness to a Hebrew ‘Vorlage’, arguably contribute evidence to the study of messianism in individual cases ... Since the identification of messianic references introduced in the Septuagint as compared to the Masoretic Text is a whole field of study by itself, this section limits discussion to examples of Septuagint evidence that also plays a role in Qumran and New Testament texts. Two passages in the Pentateuch merit particular attention: Genesis 49:10 and Numbers 24:15–17. As part of the Hebrew Bible, Genesis 49:10 does not claim anything beyond future continuity of Judah’s dominion ‘until the coming of Shiloh’ ... However, LXX Genesis 49:10 renders a different horizon of expectation in the second part of this verse: “until he comes for whom these things are reserved and he is the expectation of the peoples”. It has been noted in previous scholarship that the Septuagint translation may go back to a virtually similar consonantal Hebrew text, possibly rendering ש לו rather than שילה, among other options of retroversion ..."
Albert L. A. Hogeterp, Expectations of the End: A Comparative Traditio-Historical Study of Eschatological, Apocalyptic, and Messianic Ideas in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament, STDJ 83 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 437–439.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 49:10 and LXX Genesis 49:10

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