Texts in Conversation
Leviticus lists the rat and the mouse among unclean creatures and gives no reason for the ban. The Letter of Aristeas denies that Moses had a preoccupation with mice and weasels, and reads each rule as a symbol of proper conduct.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Leviticus 11:29
Hebrew Bible
29 “‘Now this is what is unclean to you among the swarming things that swarm on the land: the rat, the mouse, the large lizard of any kind, 30 the Mediterranean gecko, the spotted lizard, the wall gecko, the skink, and the chameleon. 31 These are the ones that are unclean to you among all the swarming things. Anyone who touches these creatures when they die will be unclean until evening.
Letter of Aristeas 1:144
Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates
Pseudepigrapha
rules of purity, affecting alike what we eat, or drink, or touch, or hear, or see. For though, speaking generally, all things are alike in their natural constitution, since they are all governed by one and the same power, yet there is a deep reason in each individual case why we abstain from the use of certain things and enjoy the common use of others. For the sake of illustration I will run over one or two points and explain them to you. For you must not fall into the degrading idea that it was out of regard to mice and weasels and other such things that Moses drew up his laws with such exceeding care. All these ordinances were made for the sake of righteousness to aid the quest for virtue and the perfecting of character. For all the birds that we use are tame and distinguished by their cleanliness, feeding on various kinds of grain and pulse, such as for instance pigeons, turtle-doves,
Notes and References
“... The Letter of Aristeas’ exposition on this subject begins with a sweeping statement: “In general everything is similarly constituted in regard to natural reasoning, being governed by one supreme power, and in each particular everything has a profound reason for it, both the things from which we abstain in use and those from which we partake.” Since every decision is governed by reason, then one need “not take the contemptible view that Moses enacted this legislation because of an excessive preoccupation with mice and weasels and suchlike creatures.” Rather, “everything has been solemnly set in order for unblemished investigation and amendment of life for the sake of righteousness.” It is for this reason that Moses permitted domesticated and herbivorous birds, but prohibited wild and carnivorous fowl, since the latter dominate the former and unjustly find food at their expense; “and not only that, they also seize lambs and kids and outrage human beings dead or alive.” In labeling wild birds of prey “impure,” Moses binds those bound by the law to act righteously and to not exert their strength over those who depend upon them. They are to act like the gentle permitted birds and not the predatory prohibited birds. Permitted and prohibited animals are allegories for pious and impious action. Therefore, Moses uses these creatures to teach proper decorum. ...”
Rosenblum, Jordan
The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World
(p. 61) Cambridge University Press, 2016
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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