Texts in Conversation
Deuteronomy's ban on giving God's harvest offering to the dead limits the kind of care for departed ancestors found at Ugarit, protecting food set aside for God.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.20 II:10
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
[...] eight within my palace. The Rephaim hurried to his sanctuary, to his sanctuary hurried the divinities. They harnessed the chariots, they hitched the horses. They mounted their chariots, they came on their mounts. They journeyed a day and a second. The Rephaim arrived at the threshing floors, [the gods] [at] the plantations. And Danel, [the man of Rapiu], answered, the hero, the man of Harnam, replied: On the threshing floors of the gods, within the [plantations of the divinities] those who have come will eat a meal, the ancient [ones]
Deuteronomy 26:14
Hebrew Bible
13 Then you shall say before the Lord your God, “I have removed the sacred offering from my house and given it to the Levites, the resident foreigners, the orphans, and the widows just as you have commanded me. I have not violated or forgotten your commandments. 14 I have not eaten anything when I was in mourning, or removed any of it while ceremonially unclean, or offered any of it to the dead; I have obeyed you and have done everything you have commanded me. 15 Look down from your holy dwelling place in heaven and bless your people Israel and the land you have given us, just as you promised our ancestors—a land flowing with milk and honey.” 16 Today the Lord your God is commanding you to keep these statutes and ordinances, something you must do with all your heart and soul.
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Notes and References
“... other practices pertaining to the dead. Early veneration for the dead probably
included funerary mourning for the dead, feeding the dead, and invoking the
dead as sources of divine information and perhaps aid. Negative criticism or
negative depictions of customs concerning the dead first appeared around the
middle of the eighth century, perhaps as a response to the competition that
necromancy posed to prophecy. During the Iron Age, other practices
associated with the dead were conducted without conflicting with the cult of
Yahweh; not even later criticisms recorded in the Bible suggest otherwise.
Explicit objections to feeding the dead with the tithe of Yahweh appear in
the seventh century (Deut. 26:14; cf. Psalm 16, and MT Ps. 22:30, which
refers to the dead).632 ...”
Smith, Mark S.
The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
(p. PDF 163) William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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