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Leviticus assigns to priests the washing required of Ugarit's king before worship, showing a shared concern for bodily preparation with a different person in charge.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.119:5
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
In the month of Ibaalat, on the seventh day, a ram for Baal of Rkt, in […] and the house of Baal of Ugarit […] When the sun sets, the king is free. On the seven- teenth day, the king washes himself clean: a cow, holy to El; a cow for the Baals; a cow for the lad; two ewes and a cow for the two maidens. In the house […], he sacrifices, and […] behind the house of Baal of Ugarit: a lamb and a city dove as a gift offering. On the eighteenth day of Ibaalat, a bull for the […] of Baal of Ugarit, both a burnt offering and an elevation offering. There shall sacrifice the king in the house of El: a neck for [Ushkhara], a neck for Baal […]
Leviticus 16:4
Hebrew Bible
4 He must put on a holy linen tunic, linen leggings are to cover his body, and he is to wrap himself with a linen sash and wrap his head with a linen turban. They are holy garments, so he must bathe his body in water and put them on. 5 He must also take two male goats from the congregation of the Israelites for a sin offering and one ram for a burnt offering. 6 Then Aaron is to present the sin-offering bull which is for himself and is to make atonement on behalf of himself and his household. 7 Next he must take the two goats and stand them before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, 8 and Aaron is to cast lots over the two goats, one lot for the Lord and one lot for Azazel.
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Notes and References
“... KTU 1.119, a ritual calendar describing cultic activities in a specific month of
the year, can serve to illustrate the primacy of the Ugaritic king in ritual. In this
text the king must undergo a purifying rite of washing (yrtḥṣ mlk brr), and when
he is finished with his cultic obligations he returns to a profane state (√ḥll). Such
actions in the biblical sphere are associated with the priesthood (e.g., Lev 16:4,
23–24) rather than with the cultic actions of kings.8 In KTU 1.119, the offering of
sacrifice is the central activity in the ritual and the king is specifically described
as sacrificing in the temple of the god ʾIlu (ydbḥ mlk bt ʾil). Another monthly rite
known to us from two texts (KTU 1.41, 1.87) also describes the king washing
himself and being in a clean/pure state when engaging in cultic acts and in a pro-
fane state when free from his cultic obligations. As for his specific cultic acts, in
addition to sacrifice (at one point on a roof), the king also pours libations (√ntk)
and makes recitations while in a state of purity (mlk brr rgm yttb).9 Elsewhere we
have descriptions of so-called entry rituals where the king (and other members
of the royal family) would take part in processions of divine images (cf. KTU
1.43; 1.112). ...”
Lewis, Theodore J.
The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity
(p. 498) Oxford University Press, 2020
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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