Texts in Conversation
Pseudo-Philo gives David the luminous transformation that Exodus 34 reserves for Moses. After David kills Goliath, an angel alters his face so no one recognizes him, not even Saul.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Exodus 34:29
Hebrew Bible
28 So he was there with the Lord 40 days and 40 nights; he did not eat bread, and he did not drink water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments. 29 Now when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand—when he came down from the mountain, Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him. 30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face shone, and they were afraid to approach him.
Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 61:9
Classical
8 And David said unto him: Before thou diest, open thine eyes and behold thy slayer which hath killed thee. And the Philistine looked and saw the angel and said: Thou hast not killed me by thyself, but he that was with thee, whose form is not as the form of a man. And then David took his head from him. 9 And the angel of the Lord lifted up the face of David and no man knew him. And when Saul saw David he asked him who he was, and there was no man that knew him who he was.
Date: 50-120 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
Notes and References
“... Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum also sees luminous transformation as a present possibility. In the text, certain righteous individuals experience transformation into light before death. Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 12:7 describes the shining faces of the Israelites who did not want the golden calf: ‘if he had been forced by fear to consent, his face shone’ (splendebat visus eius). These righteous Israelites were, like Moses, temporarily glorified by radiant countenances. After Kenaz prays about the Amorites, the text states that ‘the spirit of the Lord clothed him’ (27:9) and his body ‘was changed’ (transmutatus - 27:10). Although this is another example of Pseudo-Philo’s use of the non-recognition motif, it could also signify transfiguration into a glorious form. Similarly, the angel of the Lord ‘changed David’s appearance’ (erexit faciem David) after the killing of Goliath (61:9). Pseudo-Philo could well be modeling the stories of these righteous Israelites after that of Moses, whose radiant face rendered him unrecognizable to his people: ‘And when he came down to the sons of Israel, they saw him but did not recognize him’ (Et factum est cum descenderet ad filios Israel, videntes non cognoscebant eum - 12:1). In the case of Moses, non-recognition was due to his luminous transformation ...”
Ruffatto, Kristine Johnson
Visionary Ascents of Moses in Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum: Apocalyptic Motifs and the Growth of Visionary Moses Tradition
(pp. 173-174) Marquette University, 2010
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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