Texts in Conversation
The capable woman in Proverbs has a wider business role than the female tavern keepers regulated by Hammurabi. Her investment in land and production gives the praised wife economic responsibilities beyond meeting the immediate needs of her household.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Code of Hammurabi 1:118
Babylonian Legal Text
Ancient Near East
106 If the agent accepts money from the merchant but then disputes it with the merchant and denies receiving it, the merchant shall swear before the god and witnesses that he gave the money to the agent, and the agent shall pay him three times the sum. 107 If the merchant cheats the agent by denying that the agent returned everything given to him, the agent shall convict the merchant before the god and the judges, and the merchant, because he denied receiving what the agent gave him, shall pay the agent six times the sum. 108 If a woman tavern-keeper does not accept grain at its gross weight in payment for drink but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the grain, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water.
Proverbs 31:16
Hebrew Bible
15 Then she rose while it was still night, and provided food for her household and a portion to her female servants. 16 She considered a field and bought it; from her own income she planted a vineyard. 17 She clothed herself in might, and she strengthened her arms. 18 She perceived that her merchandise was good. Her lamp would not go out in the night. 19 She extended her hands to the spool, and her hands grasped the spindle. 20 She opened her hand to the poor, and extended her hands to the needy. 21 She would not fear for her household in winter, because all her household were clothed with scarlet, 22 because she had made coverings for herself; and because her clothing was fine linen and purple.
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Notes and References
“... 31:16-24. business enterprises for women. Hammurabi’s Code contains several laws regulating the activities of Babylonian women who operate inns or taverns. However, this may not be construed in the same light as having the ability to buy a field or sell finely dyed and woven garments as a professional seamstress. The idealized picture of the “perfect wife” in this proverb goes beyond anything that the biblical text elsewhere suggests was open to women. Ordinarily they did not have the legal standing to purchase land, although they certainly worked hard with their families to cultivate it and deal with its produce. The one industry mentioned in ancient Near Eastern texts that was open to female enterprise was weaving, and this may be the model for all the other activities. ...”
Walton, John H.
The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
(p. 570) InterVarsity Press, 2000
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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