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On the Resurrection of the Flesh

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Chapter 32

But so that the resurrection does not seem to be proclaimed only of those bodies that are committed to tombs, you have it written: “And I will command the fishes of the sea, and they will bring up the bones they have eaten, and I will join joint to joint and bone to bone.”⁠ “So,” you say, “the fishes too will be raised, and the other beasts and the flesh-eating birds, so that they may vomit up those they devoured, since in Moses too you read that blood is required from all beasts?” Surely not. But beasts and fishes are named for this reason, with regard to the giving back of flesh and blood, so that the resurrection even of devoured bodies may be the more clearly expressed, when the demand is decreed upon the devourers themselves. And I think Jonah a fit proof of this divine power too, when he is rolled out of the belly of the fish unharmed in both substances, flesh and soul; and surely the stomach of the whale would have sufficed to digest flesh in three days as well as a coffin, a tomb, or the decay of some burial long at rest and closed; granted that the beast also figured men savage above all against the Christian name, or even the very angels of iniquity, from whom blood will be required by a vengeance to be paid out. Who, then, more inclined to learn than to presume, more careful to believe than to dispute, more reverent toward divine wisdom than eager for his own, hearing something appointed by God for flesh and skin and sinews and bones, will interpret these as something else, as though what is proclaimed for these substances were not appointed for man? For either nothing is appointed for man, not the generosity of the kingdom, not the severity of the judgment, not whatever the resurrection is; or, if it is appointed for man, it must be appointed for those substances of which the man is built for whom it is appointed. I ask this too of these most subtle transformers of bones and flesh and sinews and tombs: why, whenever something is said about the soul, do they interpret the soul as nothing else and do not transform it into a figure of some other thing, but when something is declared about some bodily kind, they assert that it is anything rather than what is named? If bodily things are parables, so are things of the soul; if things of the soul are not, neither are bodily things. For man is body as much as soul, so that one kind cannot admit riddles while the other excludes them.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 61:5 and Tertullian, On the Resurrection of the Flesh 32

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Early Christian

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Summary

The Christian theologian Tertullian quotes an unnamed scripture about the dead returning from the land and sea. This is likely a paraphrase of 1 Enoch, which was used as an authoritative source of theology to teach about resurrection.

Passages

1 Enoch 61:5

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
3 The angel who accompanied me said, 'These shall bring the measures of the righteous, and the ropes of the righteous to the righteous, so that they may rely on the name of the Lord of Spirits forever and ever.' 4 The chosen will begin to dwell with the chosen, and these are the measures which shall be given to faith and which shall strengthen righteousness. 5 And these measures shall uncover all the secrets of the depths of the earth, and those who were destroyed in the wilderness, and those devoured by beasts, and those eaten by the fish of the sea, so that they may return and rely on the day of the Chosen One; for none shall be destroyed before the Lord of Spirits, nor can any be destroyed. 6 And all who dwell above in heaven received a command and power and one voice and one light like fire. 7 And with their first words, they blessed, extolled, and praised with wisdom, and they were wise in speech and in the spirit of life.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Tertullian, On the Resurrection of the Flesh 32

Early Christian
But so that the resurrection does not seem to be proclaimed only of those bodies that are committed to tombs, you have it written: “And I will command the fishes of the sea, and they will bring up the bones they have eaten, and I will join joint to joint and bone to bone.” “So,” you say, “the fishes too will be raised, and the other beasts and the flesh-eating birds, so that they may vomit up those they devoured, since in Moses too you read that blood is required from all beasts?”

References

"... Barnes dates the treatise On the Resurrection of the Flesh to 206-207, still before Tertullian became a Montanist. Ernest Evans outlines the first parts of On the Resurrection of the Flesh in this way: 'The first (paragraphs 1-41) which almost serves the usual purpose of an exordium, relates the heretical half-beliefs with which Tertullian is in conflict, to the opinions of philosophers and to the prejudices of the general non-Christian public. In part two (paragraphs 5-17) are set out the general principles which are to govern the interpretation of the relevant passages of Scripture: namely, the dignity of the flesh, the power of God. and the necessary requirements of the divine judgement. Parts three (18-39) and four (40-56) take up the testimony of the Scriptures, first expounding their positive teaching, and then rescuing from perverse misunderstanding or misinterpretation a number of apostolic texts of which the adversaries have claimed the support. It is within this third part that Tertullian may again resort to the Book of Enoch ... Tertullian then goes on to defend this thesis in the remainder of the paragraph ... Once he has argued his point, he begins 33 with: 'That is enough concerning the prophetic document. Evans notes regarding the way in which Tertullian opens his quotations that this seems as if it should derive from Revelation 20:13, but that the line actually comes from 1 Enoch ..."
James C. VanderKam and William Adler, eds., The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, CRINT 3.4 (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1993), 53–54.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 61:5 and Tertullian, On the Resurrection of the Flesh 32

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