Timeline

Christian Pseudepigraphal Citations

Christian writers from the first through fourth centuries quoted, paraphrased, and drew on Pseudepigraphal texts, sometimes citing them as scripture. The most prominent case is 1 Enoch, quoted in Jude 1:14 as the prophecy of "Enoch, the seventh from Adam," and cited by name across the early church by Tertullian, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Athenagoras, and others. While these texts heavily shaped early Christian thought, most were eventually excluded from biblical canons due to questions about their authorship and reception.

Timeline

1 Enoch 1:9 / Jude 1:14
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 1:9
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  6 The high mountains will shake, the hills will be leveled, and they will melt like wax before the fire.7 The earth will be completely torn apart, and everything on it will perish, and there will be judgment on all people.8 “But with the righteous, He will establish peace. He will protect the chosen, and mercy will be on them. They will all belong to God, prosper, and be blessed. He will help them, and light will shine for them, and He will make peace with them.9 “Look! He comes with tens of thousands of His holy ones to pass judgment on all, to annihilate all the wicked, to convict every soul of all the godless deeds they have committed, and of all the harsh words that godless sinners have spoken against Him.”
2. 60–80 CE
  
  Jude 1:14
  
  New Testament
  
  14 Now Enoch, the seventh in descent beginning with Adam, even prophesied of them, saying, “Look! The Lord is coming with thousands and thousands of his holy ones, 15 to execute judgment on all, and to convict every person of all their thoroughly ungodly deeds that they have committed, and of all the harsh words that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.” 16 These people are grumblers and fault-finders who go wherever their desires lead them, and they give bombastic speeches, enchanting folks for their own gain.17 But you, dear friends—recall the predictions foretold by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ. 18 For they said to you, “At the end of time there will come scoffers, propelled by their own ungodly desires.” 19 These people are divisive, worldly, devoid of the Spirit.
1 Enoch 1:9 / Cassiodorus, Comments on Jude
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 1:9
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  6 The high mountains will shake, the hills will be leveled, and they will melt like wax before the fire.7 The earth will be completely torn apart, and everything on it will perish, and there will be judgment on all people.8 “But with the righteous, He will establish peace. He will protect the chosen, and mercy will be on them. They will all belong to God, prosper, and be blessed. He will help them, and light will shine for them, and He will make peace with them.9 “Look! He comes with tens of thousands of His holy ones to pass judgment on all, to annihilate all the wicked, to convict every soul of all the godless deeds they have committed, and of all the harsh words that godless sinners have spoken against Him.”
2. 530–550 CE
  
  Cassiodorus, Comments on Jude
  
  Early Christian
  
  “Clouds,” he says, “without water; who do not possess in themselves the divine and fruitful word.” Wherefore, he says, “men of this kind are carried about both by winds and violent blasts.” “Trees,” he says, “of autumn, without fruit,”—unbelievers, that is, who bear no fruit of fidelity. “Twice dead,” he says: once, namely, when they sinned by transgressing, and a second time when delivered up to punishment, according to the predestined judgments of God; inasmuch as it is to be reckoned death, even when each one does not at once deserve the inheritance. “Waves,” he says, “of a raging sea.” By these words he signifies the life of the Gentiles, whose end is abominable ambition. “Wandering stars,”—that is, he means those who err and are apostates are of that kind of stars which fell from the seats of the angels—“to whom,” for their apostasy, “the blackness of darkness is reserved for ever. Enoch also, the seventh from Adam,” he says, “prophesied of these.” In these words he verities the prophecy. “Those,” he says, “separating” the faithful from the unfaithful, be convicted according to their own unbelief.
1 Enoch 1:9 / Pseudo Cyprian, To Novatia
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 1:9
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  8 “But with the righteous, He will establish peace. He will protect the chosen, and mercy will be on them. They will all belong to God, prosper, and be blessed. He will help them, and light will shine for them, and He will make peace with them.9 “Look! He comes with tens of thousands of His holy ones to pass judgment on all, to annihilate all the wicked, to convict every soul of all the godless deeds they have committed, and of all the harsh words that godless sinners have spoken against Him.”
2. 250–350 CE
  
  Pseudo Cyprian, To Novatia
  
  Early Christian
  
  Let’s keep in mind the day of judgment and the fact that God does not show favoritism. As Deuteronomy says, ‘You shall not show partiality in judgment; you shall hear the small and the great alike.’ Ezekiel also said, ‘All souls are mine; the soul that sins shall die.’ We must therefore revere God, hold fast to Him, and make a worthy confession to Him. He has the power to send both our soul and body to the Gehenna of fire. As written, ‘Behold, He is coming with thousands of His holy ones, to execute judgment upon all, and to convict all the ungodly of all their works of ungodliness which they have ungodly done, and of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him.’
1 Enoch 6:2 / Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.10
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so. 6 And there were two hundred in all who descended on the summit of Mount Hermon in the days of Jared, and they named it Mount Hermon because they had taken an oath and bound themselves with curses there.7 And these are the names of their leaders: Samîazâz, their leader, Arâkîba, Râmêêl, Kôkabîêl, Tâmîêl, Râmîêl, Dânêl, Êzêqêêl, Barâqîjâl, Asâêl, Armârôs, Batârêl, Anânêl, Zaqîêl, Samsâpêêl, Satarêl, Tûrêl, Jômjâêl, Sariêl. 8 These are their chiefs of tens.
2. 175–190 CE
  
  Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.10
  
  Early Christian
  
  1 The Church, though dispersed throughout the whole world, even to the ends of the earth, has received from the apostles and their disciples this faith: [She believes] in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are in them; and in one Christ Jesus, the Son of God, who became incarnate for our salvation; and in the Holy Spirit, who proclaimed through the prophets the dispensations of God, and the advents, and the birth from a virgin, and the passion, and the resurrection from the dead, and the ascension into heaven in the flesh of the beloved Christ Jesus, our Lord, and His [future] manifestation from heaven in the glory of the Father to gather all things in one, and to raise up anew all flesh of the whole human race, in order that to Christ Jesus, our Lord, and God, and Saviour, and King, according to the will of the invisible Father, every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and that every tongue should confess to Him, and that He should execute just judgment towards all; that He may send spiritual wickednesses, and the angels who transgressed and became apostates, together with the ungodly, and unrighteous, and wicked, and profane among men, into everlasting fire; but may, in the exercise of His grace, confer immortality on the righteous, and holy, and those who have kept His commandments, and have persevered in His love, some from the beginning [of their Christian course], and others from [the date of] their repentance, and may surround them with everlasting glory.
1 Enoch 6:1 / Lactantius, Divine Institutes 2.15
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”
2. 300–310 CE
  
  Lactantius, Divine Institutes 2.15
  
  Early Christian
  
  When, therefore, the number of men had begun to increase, God in His forethought, lest the devil, to whom from the beginning He had given power over the earth, should by his subtlety either corrupt or destroy men, as he had done at first, sent angels for the protection and improvement of the human race; and inasmuch as He had given these a free will, He enjoined them above all things not to defile themselves with contamination from the earth, and thus lose the dignity of their heavenly nature. He plainly prohibited them from doing that which He knew that they would do, that they might entertain no hope of pardon. Therefore, while they abode among men, that most deceitful ruler of the earth, by his very association, gradually enticed them to vices, and polluted them by intercourse with women. Then, not being admitted into heaven on account of the sins into which they had plunged themselves, they fell to the earth. Thus from angels the devil makes them to become his satellites and attendants. But they who were born from these, because they were neither angels nor men, but bearing a kind of mixed nature, were not admitted into hell, as their fathers were not into heaven. Thus there came to be two kinds of demons; one of heaven, the other of the earth.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 5.6
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”
2. 313–324 CE
  
  Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 5.6
  
  Early Christian
  
  For nine men were found dead; and when those who lived in the countryside asked the cause, the god gave this oracle: ‘Pan, golden-horned servant of grim Dionysus, going over the wooded mountains, held a staff in his strong hand, and in the other grasped a hollow pipe sounding clear, and charmed the hearts of the Nymphs. Piping a shrill tune he terrified all the woodcutters, and amazement seized them as they saw the chilling form of the raging demon rushing on. And the end of chilling death would have seized them all, had not Artemis the huntress, holding dread anger in her breast, checked his mighty fury; to her you must pray, that she may be your helper.’” You have heard what the Apollo at Branchidae says of the form and deeds of the demon whom he calls good. Look now at the noble achievements of the rest, for whose sake they left their heavenly abode and exchanged it for life among men. They surely ought to have led the way in self-control and suggested to men what is profitable and useful. But they did none of these things. Listen to what he reveals who has searched out the secrets more secret than secrets and been counted worthy of the knowledge of hidden things. He says that some of these good demons minister to erotic pleasures, others delight in drums and flutes and the clatter of women, others again exult in battles and wars; Artemis in hunting and Deo in the fruits of the earth; Isis still mourns Osiris, and Apollo gives oracles. Such are the benefits to men of those they call good demons. Receive the proofs of these things too.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian, On the Apparel of Women 1.3
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 200 CE
  
  Tertullian, On the Apparel of Women 1.3
  
  Early Christian
  
  I know that the scripture of Enoch, which has given this order to the angels, is not received by some, because it is not admitted into the Jewish canon either. They did not think, I suppose, that a book published before the flood could have survived safe after that disaster of the world, which abolished all things. If that is the reason, let them remember that Noah, who survived the flood, was the great-grandson of Enoch himself, and had surely heard and remembered, by family name and hereditary tradition, about his great-grandfather’s grace with God and all his preaching, since Enoch charged his son Methuselah with nothing else than to hand on knowledge of these things to his descendants.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Hegemonius, Archelaus Acts of the Disputation with Manes 32
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 313–348 CE
  
  Hegemonius, Archelaus Acts of the Disputation with Manes 32
  
  Early Christian
  
  And certainly whosoever will, may keep the commandments; and whosoever shall despise them, and turn aside to what is contrary to them, shall yet without doubt have to face this law of judgment. Hence also certain of the angels, refusing to submit themselves to the commandment of God, resisted His will; and one of them indeed fell like a flash of lightning upon the earth, while others, harassed by the dragon, sought their felicity in intercourse with the daughters of men, and thus brought on themselves the merited award of the punishment of eternal fire. And that angel who was cast down to earth, finding no further admittance into any of the regions of heaven, now flaunts about among men, deceiving them, and luring them to become transgressors like himself, and even to this day he is an adversary to the commandments of God.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.18
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 207–208 CE
  
  Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.18
  
  Early Christian
  
  For He had not forbidden the tasting of that little tree so that they should not become gods, but so that they should not die of the transgression. Nor will “the spiritual forces of wickedness” mean the Creator because he added “in the heavenly places.” For the apostle knew that spiritual forces of wickedness had worked in the heavenly places, the angels who were drawn into sin by the daughters of men. And what sort of thing would it be for him to censure the Creator through ambiguities and riddles of some kind, he who, already placed in chains [for the freedom of his preaching], was surely showing the church the boldness to make known the mystery in the opening of his mouth, which he asked them to ask God for him?
1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian, On Prayer 22
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 200–230 CE
  
  Tertullian, On Prayer 22
  
  Early Christian
  
  As, then, in the male sex, under the name “man,” even the beardless youth is forbidden to be veiled, so in the female sex, under the name “woman,” even the virgin is commanded to be veiled. Let the younger age in both sexes equally follow the discipline of the older; or else let male virgins be veiled too, if female virgins are not veiled, since they too are not bound by name; let “man” and “youth” be different, if “woman” and “virgin” are different. Indeed, he says they must be veiled “because of the angels,” because angels fell away from God on account of the daughters of men. Who, then, would contend that only women, that is, those already married and past virginity, are objects of desire, unless virgins may not excel in beauty and find lovers? Rather, let us consider whether they did not desire virgins only,
1 Enoch 6:2 / Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.36
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 175–190 CE
  
  Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.36
  
  Early Christian
  
  4 Since the Son of God is always one and the same, He gives to those who believe in Him a well of water [springing up] to eternal life, but He causes the unfruitful fig-tree immediately to dry up; and in the days of Noah He justly brought on the deluge for the purpose of extinguishing that most infamous race of men then existent, who could not bring forth fruit to God, since the angels that sinned had commingled with them, and [acted as He did] in order that He might put a check upon the sins of these men, but [that at the same time] He might preserve the archetype, the formation of Adam. And it was He who rained fire and brimstone from heaven, in the days of Lot, upon Sodom and Gomorrha, an example of the righteous judgment of God, that all may know, that every tree that brings not forth good fruit shall be cut down, and cast into the fire.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Tatian, Address to the Greeks 20
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 160–170 CE
  
  Tatian, Address to the Greeks 20
  
  Early Christian
  
  THANKS ARE EVER DUE TO GOD. Even if drugs heal you (I grant you that point as a courtesy), you should still credit God with the cure. For the world still draws us down, and through weakness I lean toward matter. For the wings of the soul were the perfect spirit, but, having cast this off through sin, it flutters like a nestling and falls to the ground. Having left its heavenly companionship, it longs for fellowship with inferior things. The demons were driven out to another dwelling; the first created human beings were expelled from their place: the former were cast down from heaven; the latter were driven from earth, yet not out of this earth, but from a more excellent order of things than exists here now. Now, longing for that original state, we should put aside everything that hinders us. Human being, the heavens are not infinite, but finite and bounded; and beyond them are the superior worlds which have no changing seasons to cause various diseases. Instead, they enjoy a perfectly pleasant climate, perpetual day, and light inaccessible to people below.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Lactantius, Epitome of the Divine Institutes 22:9–11
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 310–320 CE
  
  Lactantius, Epitome of the Divine Institutes 22:9–11
  
  Early Christian
  
  When God saw this, he sent his angels to cultivate human life and protect people from every evil. He gave them a command to keep themselves from earthly things, so that they would not lose their angelic honor by becoming defiled. But that same crafty accuser, while they were living among men, enticed them also to pleasures, so that they defiled themselves with women. Then, condemned by God’s sentence and cast down for their sins, they lost both the name and the substance of angels. So, having become the devil’s henchmen, to have some consolation for their own ruin they turned to ruining the men they had come to protect.
1 Enoch 6:2 / Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 5.4
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 6:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And when people had multiplied in those days, beautiful and attractive daughters were born to them. 2 And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and desired them, and said to each other: “Come, let us choose wives from among the humans and father children.”3 And Semjâzâ, their leader, said to them: “I fear that you will not actually agree to do this, and I alone will have to pay the penalty of a great sin.”4 And they all replied to him and said: “Let us all take an oath, and all bind ourselves with a curse not to abandon this plan but to carry it out.”5 Then they all took an oath together and bound themselves with a curse to do so.
2. 313–324 CE
  
  Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 5.4
  
  Early Christian
  
  Plutarch confirms this argument still more where he says that the mythical narratives as if about gods are accounts about demons, and that the tales of giants and Titans sung among the Greeks are demonic narratives, so as to suggest a newer meaning. Perhaps, then, such were the things said in the divine Scripture about the giants before the flood, and about those who begot them, of whom it is said: “And the angels of God, seeing the daughters of men, that they were fair, took wives for themselves of all whom they chose; from whom were born the giants, the renowned ones of old.” For one might say that these are those beings, and that their spirits were deified by later men, and that their battles, their quarrels with one another, and their wars are what is told in myth as about gods.
1 Enoch 7:2 / Tertullian, Apology 22
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 7:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And all the others together with them took wives for themselves, each choosing one for himself, and they began to have sex with them and defiled themselves with them. They taught them sorcery, spells, and the art of extracting medicinal substances from plants. 2 The women became pregnant and gave birth to enormous giants, whose height was three thousand cubits.3 These giants consumed everything humans produced. 4 And when humans could no longer support them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind. 5 They began to sin against birds, beasts, reptiles, and fish, eating each other’s flesh and drinking the blood. 6 Then the earth brought charges against these lawbreakers.
2. 197 CE
  
  Tertullian, Apology 22
  
  Early Christian
  
  For it also pronounces Satan, the prince of this evil race, with the same word of execration, from the soul’s own awareness. Even Plato did not deny angels. The magicians too are at hand as witnesses to both names. But how from certain angels, corrupted of their own will, a more corrupt race of demons arose, condemned by God together with the authors of their race and with that prince we have named, is explained in sequence in the holy writings. For now it will be enough to set out their activity. Their activity is the ruin of man.
1 Enoch 7:2 / Athenagoras, Plea for the Christians 25
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 7:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And all the others together with them took wives for themselves, each choosing one for himself, and they began to have sex with them and defiled themselves with them. They taught them sorcery, spells, and the art of extracting medicinal substances from plants. 2 The women became pregnant and gave birth to enormous giants, whose height was three thousand cubits.3 These giants consumed everything humans produced. 4 And when humans could no longer support them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind.
2. 175–180 CE
  
  Athenagoras, Plea for the Christians 25
  
  Early Christian
  
  These angels, then, who have fallen from heaven, and haunt the air and the earth, and are no longer able to rise to heavenly things, and the souls of the giants, which are the demons who wander about the world, perform actions similar, the one (that is, the demons) to the natures they have received, the other (that is, the angels) to the appetites they have indulged. But the prince of matter, as may be seen merely from what transpires, exercises a control and management contrary to the good that is in God: Ofttimes this anxious thought has crossed my mind, Whether ’tis chance or deity that rules The small affairs of men; and, spite of hope As well as justice, drives to exile some Stripped of all means of life, while others still Continue to enjoy prosperity.
1 Enoch 7:1 / Lactantius, Divine Institutes 2.15
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 7:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And all the others together with them took wives for themselves, each choosing one for himself, and they began to have sex with them and defiled themselves with them. They taught them sorcery, spells, and the art of extracting medicinal substances from plants. 2 The women became pregnant and gave birth to enormous giants, whose height was three thousand cubits.3 These giants consumed everything humans produced. 4 And when humans could no longer support them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind.
2. 300–310 CE
  
  Lactantius, Divine Institutes 2.15
  
  Early Christian
  
  When, therefore, the number of men had begun to increase, God in His forethought, lest the devil, to whom from the beginning He had given power over the earth, should by his subtlety either corrupt or destroy men, as he had done at first, sent angels for the protection and improvement of the human race; and inasmuch as He had given these a free will, He enjoined them above all things not to defile themselves with contamination from the earth, and thus lose the dignity of their heavenly nature. He plainly prohibited them from doing that which He knew that they would do, that they might entertain no hope of pardon. Therefore, while they abode among men, that most deceitful ruler of the earth, by his very association, gradually enticed them to vices, and polluted them by intercourse with women. Then, not being admitted into heaven on account of the sins into which they had plunged themselves, they fell to the earth. Thus from angels the devil makes them to become his satellites and attendants. But they who were born from these, because they were neither angels nor men, but bearing a kind of mixed nature, were not admitted into hell, as their fathers were not into heaven. Thus there came to be two kinds of demons; one of heaven, the other of the earth.
1 Enoch 8:1 / Tertullian, On the Apparel of Women 2.10
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 8:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, and breastplates, and revealed to them the metals of the earth and how to work with them, as well as how to make bracelets, ornaments, and the use of antimony, beautifying the eyelids, along with all kinds of precious stones and various dyes.2 Widespread wickedness arose, and they had illicit sex, were led astray, and corrupted all their ways.3 Semjâzâ taught spells and the cutting of roots, Armârôs taught how to break spells, Barâqîjâl taught astrology, Kôkabêl taught about the constellations, Êzêqêêl taught about the clouds, Araqiêl taught the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl taught the signs of the sun, and Sariêl taught the course of the moon.4 And as men died, they cried out, and their cries ascended to heaven.
2. 200 CE
  
  Tertullian, On the Apparel of Women 2.10
  
  Early Christian
  
  But if the same angels who disclosed both such materials and their allurements, I mean of gold and brilliant stones, and handed on the work on them, and taught among other things even eye-paint and the dyeing of fleeces, were condemned by God, as Enoch relates, how shall we please God rejoicing in the things of those who for this reason provoked God’s anger and punishment? Now, granting that God foresaw these things, that God permitted them, that Isaiah finds fault with no purple garment, crushes no cluster-shaped ornament, rejects no little crescents, still we must not, like the gentiles, flatter ourselves, thinking God only the establisher of things and not also the one who looks down on how they are used.
1 Enoch 8:1 / Irenaeus, Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching 18
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 8:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, and breastplates, and revealed to them the metals of the earth and how to work with them, as well as how to make bracelets, ornaments, and the use of antimony, beautifying the eyelids, along with all kinds of precious stones and various dyes.2 Widespread wickedness arose, and they had illicit sex, were led astray, and corrupted all their ways.3 Semjâzâ taught spells and the cutting of roots, Armârôs taught how to break spells, Barâqîjâl taught astrology, Kôkabêl taught about the constellations, Êzêqêêl taught about the clouds, Araqiêl taught the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl taught the signs of the sun, and Sariêl taught the course of the moon.4 And as men died, they cried out, and their cries ascended to heaven.
2. 175–190 CE
  
  Irenaeus, Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching 18
  
  Early Christian
  
  18 And for a very long while wickedness extended and spread, and reached and laid hold upon the whole race of mankind, until a very small seed of righteousness remained among them and illicit unions took place upon the earth, since angels were united with the daughters of the race of mankind; and they bore to them sons who for their exceeding greatness were called giants. And the angels brought as presents to their wives teachings of wickedness, in that they brought them the virtues of roots and herbs, dyeing in colors and cosmetics, the discovery of rare substances, love-potions, aversions, amours, concupiscence, constraints of love, spells of bewitchment, and all sorcery and idolatry hateful to God; by the entry of which things into the world evil extended and spread, while righteousness was diminished and enfeebled.
1 Enoch 8:1 / Commodianus, On Christian Discipline 3
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 8:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, and breastplates, and revealed to them the metals of the earth and how to work with them, as well as how to make bracelets, ornaments, and the use of antimony, beautifying the eyelids, along with all kinds of precious stones and various dyes.2 Widespread wickedness arose, and they had illicit sex, were led astray, and corrupted all their ways.3 Semjâzâ taught spells and the cutting of roots, Armârôs taught how to break spells, Barâqîjâl taught astrology, Kôkabêl taught about the constellations, Êzêqêêl taught about the clouds, Araqiêl taught the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl taught the signs of the sun, and Sariêl taught the course of the moon.4 And as men died, they cried out, and their cries ascended to heaven.
2. 240–250 CE
  
  Commodianus, On Christian Discipline 3
  
  Early Christian
  
  When Almighty God, to beautify the nature of the world, willed that that earth should be visited by angels, when they were sent down they despised His laws. Such was the beauty of women, that it turned them aside; so that, being contaminated, they could not return to heaven. Rebels from God, they uttered words against Him. Then the Highest uttered His judgment against them; and from their seed giants are said to have been born.
1 Enoch 8:2 / Tertullian, Apology 35
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 8:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, and breastplates, and revealed to them the metals of the earth and how to work with them, as well as how to make bracelets, ornaments, and the use of antimony, beautifying the eyelids, along with all kinds of precious stones and various dyes.2 Widespread wickedness arose, and they had illicit sex, were led astray, and corrupted all their ways.3 Semjâzâ taught spells and the cutting of roots, Armârôs taught how to break spells, Barâqîjâl taught astrology, Kôkabêl taught about the constellations, Êzêqêêl taught about the clouds, Araqiêl taught the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl taught the signs of the sun, and Sariêl taught the course of the moon.4 And as men died, they cried out, and their cries ascended to heaven.
2. 197 CE
  
  Tertullian, Apology 35
  
  Early Christian
  
  And those too who are now daily being exposed as partners or applauders of the criminal faction, the gleaning left over after the vintage of parricides: with what fresh and leafy laurels they hedged their doorposts! with what lofty and brilliant lamps they clouded their porches with smoke! with what elegant and proud couches they divided the forum among themselves! not to celebrate public rejoicings, but to rehearse their own prayers already at another’s festival, and to inaugurate the model and image of their hope, changing the emperor’s name in their hearts. The same services are paid by those who consult astrologers and soothsayers and augurs and magicians about the life of the Caesars, arts which Christians, as revealed by the deserter angels and forbidden by God, do not use even in their own affairs. And who needs to inquire into Caesar’s welfare except one who is plotting or wishing something against it, or hoping and waiting for something after it? For one does not consult about loved ones in the same spirit as about masters.
1 Enoch 8:1 / Clement of Alexandria, Selections from the Prophets 53:4
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 8:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, and breastplates, and revealed to them the metals of the earth and how to work with them, as well as how to make bracelets, ornaments, and the use of antimony, beautifying the eyelids, along with all kinds of precious stones and various dyes.2 Widespread wickedness arose, and they had illicit sex, were led astray, and corrupted all their ways.3 Semjâzâ taught spells and the cutting of roots, Armârôs taught how to break spells, Barâqîjâl taught astrology, Kôkabêl taught about the constellations, Êzêqêêl taught about the clouds, Araqiêl taught the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl taught the signs of the sun, and Sariêl taught the course of the moon.4 And as men died, they cried out, and their cries ascended to heaven.
2. 200–215 CE
  
  Clement of Alexandria, Selections from the Prophets 53:4
  
  Early Christian
  
  “Night to night”: all the demons knew that the one who rose after the passion was the Lord. And already Enoch says that the angels who transgressed taught human beings astronomy, divination, and the other arts.
1 Enoch 8:1 / Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 5.1
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 8:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, and breastplates, and revealed to them the metals of the earth and how to work with them, as well as how to make bracelets, ornaments, and the use of antimony, beautifying the eyelids, along with all kinds of precious stones and various dyes.2 Widespread wickedness arose, and they had illicit sex, were led astray, and corrupted all their ways.3 Semjâzâ taught spells and the cutting of roots, Armârôs taught how to break spells, Barâqîjâl taught astrology, Kôkabêl taught about the constellations, Êzêqêêl taught about the clouds, Araqiêl taught the signs of the earth, Shamsiêl taught the signs of the sun, and Sariêl taught the course of the moon.4 And as men died, they cried out, and their cries ascended to heaven.
2. 195 CE
  
  Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 5.1
  
  Early Christian
  
  To which also we shall add, that the angels who had obtained the superior rank, having sunk into pleasures, told to the women the secrets which had come to their knowledge; while the rest of the angels concealed them, or rather, kept them against the coming of the Lord. Thence emanated the doctrine of providence, and the revelation of high things; and prophecy having already been imparted to the philosophers of the Greeks, the treatment of dogma arose among the philosophers, sometimes true when they hit the mark, and sometimes erroneous, when they comprehended not the secret of the prophetic allegory.
1 Enoch 9:6 / Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.15
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 9:6
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  5 You have created all things, and over all things You have power. All things are open and visible in Your sight, and You see everything, and nothing can hide from You.6 “You see what Azazel has done, who has taught all unrighteousness on the earth and revealed the eternal secrets that were kept in heaven, which men were eager to learn.7 And You see what Semjâzâ has done, to whom You gave the authority to rule over his companions.8 “They have gone to the daughters of men on the earth, have slept with the women, have defiled themselves, and revealed to them all kinds of sins.9 The women have borne giants, and as a result the whole earth has been filled with blood and unrighteousness.10 “And now the souls of those who have died are crying out and pleading at the gates of heaven, and their laments have risen up. They cannot stop because of the lawless acts committed on the earth.
2. 175–190 CE
  
  Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.15
  
  Early Christian
  
  6 With good reason, therefore, and very fittingly, in reference to your rash attempt, has that divine elder and preacher of the truth burst forth in verse against you as follows: Marcus, you former of idols, inspector of portents, Skill’d in consulting the stars, and deep in the black arts of magic, Ever by tricks such as these confirming the doctrines of error, Furnishing signs unto those involved by you in deception, Wonders of power that is utterly severed from God and apostate, Which Satan, your true father, enables you still to accomplish, By means of Azazel, that fallen and yet mighty angel — Thus making you the precursor of his own impious actions. Such are the words of the saintly elder. And I shall endeavour to state the remainder of their mystical system, which runs out to great length, in brief compass, and to bring to the light what has for a long time been concealed. For in this way such things will become easily susceptible of exposure by all.
1 Enoch 10:4 / Clement of Alexandria, Fragments 2:4
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 10:4
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  3 And now instruct him so that he may escape and his descendants may be preserved for all future generations.”4 And the Lord also said to Raphael: “Bind Azazel hand and foot, and throw him into the darkness. Make a hole in the desert in Dudael, and throw him in.5 “Place on him rough and jagged rocks, cover him with darkness, and let him remain there forever, and cover his face so he may not see light.6 On the day of great judgment he will be thrown into the fire.7 “And restore the earth which the angels have corrupted, and announce the restoration of the earth, so that the plague may be healed, and all the children of men may not perish due to the secrets that the Watchers have revealed and taught their children.
2. 195–205 CE
  
  Clement of Alexandria, Fragments 2:4
  
  Early Christian
  
  Woe unto them! he says, for they have gone in the way of Cain. For so also we lie under Adam’s sin through similarity of sin. Clouds, he says, without water; who do not possess in themselves the divine and fruitful word. Wherefore, he says, men of this kind are carried about both by winds and violent blasts. Trees, he says, of autumn, without fruit,— unbelievers, that is, who bear no fruit of fidelity. Twice dead, he says: once, namely, when they sinned by transgressing, and a second time when delivered up to punishment, according to the predestined judgments of God; inasmuch as it is to be reckoned death, even when each one does not immediately deserve the inheritance. Waves, he says, of a raging sea. By these words he signifies the life of the Gentiles, whose end is abominable ambition. Wandering stars,— that is, he means those who err and are apostates are of that kind of stars which fell from the seats of the angels— to whom, for their apostasy, the blackness of darkness is reserved forever. Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, he says, prophesied of these. In these words he verities the prophecy.
1 Enoch 12:3 / Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.16
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 12:3
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 Before these things, Enoch was hidden, and no one among the children of men knew where he was hidden, where he lived, or what had happened to him.2 His dealings were with the Watchers, and he spent his days among the holy ones.3 And I, Enoch, was praising the Lord of majesty and the King of the ages, and look, the Watchers called me, Enoch the scribe, and said to me: 4 “Enoch, you scribe of righteousness, go, tell the Watchers of heaven who have left the high heaven, the holy eternal place, and have defiled themselves with women, and have acted as the people on earth do, and have taken wives for themselves:5 “You have caused great destruction on the earth, and you will have no peace or forgiveness of sin. And as much as they delight in their children,
2. 175–190 CE
  
  Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.16
  
  Early Christian
  
  2 And that man was not justified by these things, but that they were given as a sign to the people, this fact shows — that Abraham himself, without circumcision and without observance of Sabbaths, believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness; and he was called the friend of God. Then, again, Lot, without circumcision, was brought out from Sodom, receiving salvation from God. So also did Noah, pleasing God, although he was uncircumcised, receive the dimensions [of the ark], of the world of the second race [of men]. Enoch, too, pleasing God, without circumcision, discharged the office of God’s legate to the angels although he was a man, and was translated, and is preserved until now as a witness of the just judgment of God, because the angels when they had transgressed fell to the earth for judgment, but the man who pleased [God] was translated for salvation. Moreover, all the rest of the multitude of those righteous men who lived before Abraham, and of those patriarchs who preceded Moses, were justified independently of the things above mentioned, and without the law of Moses. As also Moses himself says to the people in Deuteronomy: The Lord your God formed a covenant in Horeb. The Lord formed not this covenant with your fathers, but for you.
1 Enoch 19:1 / Justin Martyr, Second Apology 5
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 19:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Uriel said to me: “Here will stand the angels who have united with women, and their spirits, taking many different forms, are corrupting mankind and will lead them astray into sacrificing to demons as gods. Here they will remain until the day of the great judgment when they will be judged and brought to an end. 2 And the women of the angels who went astray will become sirens.”
2. 150–160 CE
  
  Justin Martyr, Second Apology 5
  
  Early Christian
  
  But if this idea take possession of some one, that if we acknowledge God as our helper, we should not, as we say, be oppressed and persecuted by the wicked; this, too, I will solve. God, when He had made the whole world, and subjected things earthly to man, and arranged the heavenly elements for the increase of fruits and rotation of the seasons, and appointed this divine law — for these things also He evidently made for man — committed the care of men and of all things under heaven to angels whom He appointed over them. But the angels transgressed this appointment, and were captivated by love of women, and begot children who are those that are called demons; and besides, they afterwards subdued the human race to themselves, partly by magical writings, and partly by fears and the punishments they occasioned, and partly by teaching them to offer sacrifices, and incense, and libations, of which things they stood in need after they were enslaved by lustful passions; and among men they sowed murders, wars, adulteries, intemperate deeds, and all wickedness.
1 Enoch 19:1 / Athenagoras, Plea for the Christians 24
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 19:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 And Uriel said to me: “Here will stand the angels who have united with women, and their spirits, taking many different forms, are corrupting mankind and will lead them astray into sacrificing to demons as gods. Here they will remain until the day of the great judgment when they will be judged and brought to an end. 2 And the women of the angels who went astray will become sirens.”
2. 175–180 CE
  
  Athenagoras, Plea for the Christians 24
  
  Early Christian
  
  For this is the office of the angels — to exercise providence for God over the things created and ordered by Him; so that God may have the universal and general providence of the whole, while the particular parts are provided for by the angels appointed over them. Just as with men, who have freedom of choice as to both virtue and vice (for you would not either honour the good or punish the bad, unless vice and virtue were in their own power; and some are diligent in the matters entrusted to them by you, and others faithless), so is it among the angels. Some, free agents, you will observe, such as they were created by God, continued in those things for which God had made and over which He had ordained them; but some outraged both the constitution of their nature and the government entrusted to them: namely, this ruler of matter and its various forms, and others of those who were placed about this first firmament (you know that we say nothing without witnesses, but state the things which have been declared by the prophets); these fell into impure love of virgins, and were subjugated by the flesh, and he became negligent and wicked in the management of the things entrusted to him. Of these lovers of virgins, therefore, were begotten those who are called giants. And if something has been said by the poets, too, about the giants, be not surprised at this: worldly wisdom and divine differ as much from each other as truth and plausibility: the one is of heaven and the other of earth; and indeed, according to the prince of matter, We know we oft speak lies that look like truths.
1 Enoch 61:5 / Tertullian, On the Resurrection of the Flesh 32
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 61:5
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  3 The angel who accompanied me said, “These will bring the measures of the righteous, and the ropes of the righteous to the righteous, so that they may rely on the name of the Lord of Spirits forever and ever.4 “The chosen will begin to dwell with the chosen, and these are the measures which will be given to faith and which will strengthen righteousness.5 And these measures will uncover all the secrets of the depths of the earth, and those who were destroyed in the wilderness, and those devoured by beasts, and those eaten by the fish of the sea, so that they may return and rely on the day of the Chosen One, for no one will be destroyed before the Lord of Spirits, nor can any be destroyed.”6 And all who dwell above in heaven received a command and power and one voice and one light like fire.7 And with their first words, they blessed, honored, and praised with wisdom, and they were wise in speech and in the spirit of life.
2. 205–215 CE
  
  Tertullian, On the Resurrection of the Flesh 32
  
  Early Christian
  
  But so that the resurrection does not seem to be proclaimed only of those bodies that are committed to tombs, you have it written: “And I will command the fishes of the sea, and they will bring up the bones they have eaten, and I will join joint to joint and bone to bone.” “So,” you say, “the fishes too will be raised, and the other beasts and the flesh-eating birds, so that they may vomit up those they devoured, since in Moses too you read that blood is required from all beasts?”
1 Enoch 72:1 / Anatolius, The Paschal Canon 5
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 72:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 This book describes the courses of the heavenly bodies, detailing each according to their classes, control, seasons, names, origins, and months as shown to me by Uriel, the holy angel guiding me. He explained precisely all their laws and the eternal progression until a new creation is established forever.2 The first rule of the lights: the Sun rises from the eastern portals of the heavens and sets in the western portals. 3 I observed six portals for the sun’s rising and setting, and for the moon’s rising and setting. The leaders of the stars and their groups also follow this path, six portals in the east and six in the west, all precisely aligned, with numerous windows on either side.
2. 270–280 CE
  
  Anatolius, The Paschal Canon 5
  
  Early Christian
  
  I am aware that very many other matters were discussed by them, some of them with considerable probability, and others of them as matters of the clearest demonstration, by which they endeavour to prove that the festival of the Passover and unleavened bread ought by all means to be kept after the equinox. But I shall pass on without demanding such copious demonstrations (on subjects ) from which the veil of the Mosaic law has been removed; for now it remains for us with unveiled face to behold ever as in a glass Christ Himself and the doctrines and sufferings of Christ. But that the first month among the Hebrews is about the equinox, is clearly shown also by what is taught in the book of Enoch.
1 Enoch 80:2 / Barnabas 4:3
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 80:2
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 In those days, the angel Uriel said to me, “Look, Enoch, I have shown you everything, and I have revealed to you that you should see this sun, this moon, and the leaders of the stars of heaven and all those who guide their paths, their duties, timings, and departures.2 “In the days of the sinners, the years will be shortened, and their seed will be delayed on their lands and fields. All things on the earth will change and will not appear at their proper times. The rain will be withheld, and the heavens will keep it back.3 During these times, the fruits of the earth will be late, and will not grow at their proper times, and the fruits of the trees will be delayed in their time.4 “The moon will change her course and not appear at her scheduled times.
2. 70–135 CE
  
  Barnabas 4:3
  
  Early Christian
  
  2 Let us allow no relaxation for our soul, giving it freedom to associate with sinners and wicked men, lest we become like them. 3 The final offense is near, about which Scripture speaks, as Enoch says. For this reason the Master has shortened the seasons and the days, so that His beloved may come quickly and inherit. 4 And the prophet also speaks in this way: ‘Ten reigns will rule on the earth, and after them another king will arise, who will humble three of the kings under one.’ 5 Likewise, Daniel speaks about the same: ‘And I saw the fourth beast was wicked and strong and more stubborn than all the beasts of the earth, and from it arose ten horns, and from these another small horn and growth, and it humbled under one three of the great horns.’
1 Enoch 89:66 / Barnabas 16:5
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 89:66
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  64 “‘But they will not know it, and you will not declare it to them, nor warn them, but only record against each one all the destruction the shepherds cause, each in his time, and lay it all before me.’65 “I watched until those shepherds pastured in their season, and they began to kill and to destroy more than they were told, and they handed those sheep over to the lions. 66 The lions and tigers ate and devoured the greater part of those sheep, and the wild boars ate along with them, and they burned that tower and demolished that house.67 “I became very sorrowful over that tower because that house of the sheep was demolished, and afterward I was unable to see whether those sheep entered that house.
2. 70–135 CE
  
  Barnabas 16:5
  
  Early Christian
  
  3 Furthermore, He says again: ‘Look, those who tore down this temple will themselves build it.’ 4 So it happens; for since they went to war, it was torn down by their enemies. And now even the servants of their enemies will rebuild it. 5 Again, it was revealed how the city and the temple and the people of Israel would be handed over. For Scripture says: ‘And it will come to pass in the last days that the Lord will hand over the sheep of His pasture, and the fold, and their tower, to destruction.’ And it happened as the Lord said.6 But let us ask whether there is any temple of God. Yes, there is—the place where He Himself undertakes to make and complete it. For it is written: ‘And it will come to pass, when the week is being completed, the temple of God will be built gloriously in the name of the Lord.’
1 Enoch 91:13 / Barnabas 16:6
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 91:13
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  11 “And after that, the roots of wickedness will be cut off, and sinners will be destroyed by the sword ... will be cut off from the blasphemers in every place, and those who plan violence and those who commit blasphemy will perish by the sword.12 “And after that, there will be another week, the eighth, a week of righteousness, and a sword will be given to it so that a righteous judgment may be executed on the oppressors, and sinners will be delivered into the hands of the righteous.13 And at its end, they will acquire houses through their righteousness, and a house will be built for the Great King in glory forever.14 “And after that, in the ninth week, the righteous judgment will be revealed to the whole world, and all the works of the godless will vanish from all the earth, and the world will be written down for destruction, and all mankind will look to the path of uprightness.
2. 70–135 CE
  
  Barnabas 16:6
  
  Early Christian
  
  6 But let us ask whether there is any temple of God. Yes, there is—the place where He Himself undertakes to make and complete it. For it is written: ‘And it will come to pass, when the week is being completed, the temple of God will be built gloriously in the name of the Lord.’ 7 Then I find that there is a temple. How then will it be built in the name of the Lord? Understand: Before we believed in God, the dwelling place of our heart was corrupt and weak, truly a temple built by hands, because it was full of idolatry and was a house of demons, since we did whatever was contrary to God. 8 But it will be built in the name of the Lord. Take care, then, that the temple of the Lord may be built gloriously.
1 Enoch 99:6 / Tertullian, On Idolatry 4
1. 325 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 99:6
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  4 In those days the nations will be stirred up, and the families of the nations will rise on the day of destruction.5 And in those days the impoverished will go out and carry off their children, and they will abandon them, so that their children will perish through them. Yes, they will abandon their nursing children and not return to them, and will have no pity on their loved ones.6 And again I swear to you, sinners, that sin is prepared for a day of unceasing bloodshed.7 And those who worship stones, and carved images of gold, silver, wood, stone, and clay, and those who worship impure spirits and demons, and all kinds of idols without understanding, will receive no help from them.8 And they will become godless because of the foolishness of their hearts, and their eyes will be blinded through the fear of their hearts and through visions in their dreams.
2. 200–210 CE
  
  Tertullian, On Idolatry 4
  
  Early Christian
  
  Enoch had already predicted that the demons and the spirits of the apostate angels would turn all the elements, the whole stock of the world, whatever is contained in heaven, in the sea, and on earth, into idolatry, so that they would be consecrated as God against God. So human error worships all things except the founder of all things Himself. Their images are idols; the consecration of the images is idolatry. Whatever idolatry commits must be charged to every maker of any idol whatever. Indeed, the same Enoch condemns in advance, in his threat, both the worshipers and the makers of idols together. And again: “I swear to you, sinners, that for the day of blood and of destruction sorrow is prepared. You who serve stones, and you who make images of gold and silver and wood and stone and clay, and serve phantoms and demons and infernal spirits and all errors not according to knowledge, you will find no help from them.” And Isaiah says: “You are witnesses whether there is a God besides me.
Testament of Reuben 4:7 / Origen, Homilies on Joshua 15.6
1. 200 BCE – 200 CE
  
  Testament of Reuben 4:7
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Testaments
  
  6 “So, my children, I say to you: do everything I command you, and you will not sin. 7 Sexual immorality is a trap for the soul. It separates a person from God and draws him toward idols, because it corrupts the mind and understanding and leads young men down to Hades before their time. 8 Sexual immorality has destroyed many. Whether a man is old or noble, rich or poor, he brings shame on himself before others and mockery from Beliar.9 “You have heard how Joseph guarded himself from a woman and cleansed his thoughts of all sexual immorality, and found favor in the sight of God and men. 10 The Egyptian woman did everything she could, she summoned magicians and offered him love potions, but the strength of his soul would not allow any evil desire.
2. 235–245 CE
  
  Origen, Homilies on Joshua 15.6
  
  Early Christian
  
  For this seems to me to be indicated also in Wisdom, where it is said that “when the ungodly man curses Satan, he curses his own soul.” And in a short book called the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, although it is not held in the canon, we find this idea: individual Satans are to be understood in individual sinners. The meaning of his name, as people who know Hebrew explain, seems to make the same point more clearly. For Satan means “adversary.” All, then, who oppose the will of God can be called Satan.