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Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

About this book
Chapter 22

1 After these events, after Isaac and Ishmael had quarreled, Ishmael said, 'It is right that I should be my father’s heir, since I am his first-born son.' But Isaac said, 'It is right that I should be my father's heir; because I am the son of Sarah his wife, while you are the son of Hagar; my mother's maidservant.' Ishmael answered and said, 'I am more worthy than you, because I was circumcised at the age of thirteen. And if I had wished to refuse, I would not have handed myself over to be circumcised. But you were circumcised at the age of eight days. If you had been aware, perhaps you would not have handed yourself over to be circumcised.' Isaac answered and said, 'Behold, today I am thirty-seven years old, and if the Holy One, blessed be He, were to ask all my members I would not refuse.' These words were immediately heard before the Lord of the world, and at once the Memra of the Lord tested Abraham and said to him, 'Abraham!' And he said to him, 'Here I am.' 2 He said, 'Take your son, your only one, Isaac whom you love, and go to the land of worship, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I will tell you.' 3 Abraham rose early in the morning and saddled his ass and took with him his two servant boys Eleazer and Ishmael and his son Isaac. He cut wood of the olive tree, the fig tree, and the palm tree, which are suitable for the burnt offering, and he rose and went to the place of which the Lord had told him. 4 On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the Cloud of Glory enveloping the mountain, and he recognized it from afar. 5 And Abraham said to his servants, 'Wait here with the ass, while the lad and I betake ourselves over there to find out if that which was announced to me—so shall your children be—will be fulfilled. We will bow down to the Lord of the world, and we will return to you.' 6 Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and placed it on Isaac his son, and he took the fire and the knife in his own hand; and the two of them went together. 7 Isaac spoke to his father Abraham, and said, 'Father!' And he said, 'Here I am my son.' He said, 'Behold the fire and the wood; but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?' 8 Abraham said, 'The Lord will choose for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son.' And the two of them went together with a perfect heart. 9 They came to the place of which the Lord had told him, and there Abraham rebuilt the altar which Adam had built and which had been demolished by the waters of the Flood. Noah rebuilt it, but it was demolished in the generation of the Division. He arranged the wood upon it, and tied Isaac his son and placed him on the altar, on top of the wood. 10 Abraham put forth his hand and took the knife to slaughter his son. Isaac spoke up and said to his father: 'Tie me well lest I struggle because of the anguish of my soul,⁠ with the result that a blemish will be found in your offering, and I will be thrust into the pit of destruction.' The eyes of Abraham were looking at the eyes of Isaac, and the eyes of Isaac were looking at the angels on high. Isaac saw them but Abraham did not see them. The angels on high exclaimed: 'Come, see two unique ones who are in the world; one is slaughtering, and one is being slaughtered; the one who slaughters does not hesitate, and the one who is being slaughtered stretches forth his neck.' 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven and said to him: 'Abraham, Abraham!' And he said 'Here I am.' 12 And he said, 'Do not put forth your hand against the boy, and do not do him any harm, for it is now manifest before me that you fear the Lord, since you have not withheld your son, your only one, from me.' 13 Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw one ram—the one that had been created at twilight when the world was completed—caught by its horns in the dense branches of a tree. Abraham went and took it and offered it as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 Abraham gave thanks and prayed there in that place, and said: 'I beseech, by the mercy from before you, O Lord! It is manifest before you that there was no deviousness in my heart, and that I sought to perform your decree with joy. Therefore, when the children of Isaac my son enter into a time of distress, remember them, and answer them, and redeem them. All these generations to come will say, “On this mountain Abraham tied his son Isaac, and there the Shekinah of the Lord was revealed to him.”' 15 The angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven 16 and said, 'By my Memra I have sworn, says the Lord, because you have done this thing and have not refused your son, your only one, 17 I will bless you abundantly and multiply your children as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore, and your children shall inherit the cities of those who hate them.' 18 All the peoples of the earth shall be blessed because of the merits of your children, because you obeyed my word.' 19 The angels on high took Isaac and brought him to the schoolhouse of Shem the Great, and he was there three years. On that day Abraham returned to his servants, and they arose and went together to Beer-sheba. And Abraham dwelt in Beer-sheba. 20 After these things, after Abraham had tied Isaac, Satan went and told Sarah that Abraham had slaughtered Isaac. And Sarah arose and cried out and was choked and died of anguish. Abraham came and passed the night on the way; and Abraham was told: 'Behold, Milcah also has given birth; by the merit of her sister she was able to bear children to your brother Nahor: 21 Uz, his first-born, Buz his brother, Kemuel, master of the Aramean magicians, 22 Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel.' 23 Bethuel begot Rebekah. These eight Milcah bore to Nahor, Abraham’s brother. 24 His concubine, whose name was Reumah, also bore children: Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 22:10

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Targum

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Summary

In Genesis, Isaac says nothing as Abraham prepares to kill him. In 4 Maccabees he is described as especially brave, and in the Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan he asks Abraham to tie him well, so he will not struggle and spoil the offering.

Passages

Genesis 22:10

Hebrew Bible
9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife, and prepared to slaughter his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered. 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God because you did not withhold your son, your only son, from me.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

4 Maccabees 16:20

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
19 and so you ought to endure every hardship for God’s sake. 20 For his sake our father Abraham hurried to sacrifice his son Isaac, the father of our nation, and when Isaac saw his father’s hand coming down on him with the sword, he did not flinch. 21 The righteous Daniel was thrown to the lions, and Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael were hurled into the fiery furnace, and they endured for God’s sake.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 22:10

Targum
10 Abraham put forth his hand and took the knife to slaughter his son. Isaac spoke up and said to his father: 'Tie me well lest I struggle because of the anguish of my soul, with the result that a blemish will be found in your offering, and I will be thrust into the pit of destruction.' The eyes of Abraham were looking at the eyes of Isaac, and the eyes of Isaac were looking at the angels on high. Isaac saw them but Abraham did not see them. The angels on high exclaimed: 'Come, see two unique ones who are in the world; one is slaughtering, and one is being slaughtered; the one who slaughters does not hesitate, and the one who is being slaughtered stretches forth his neck.'
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

“... For example, many references to Isaac's willingness in documents such as L.A.B. and 4 Maccabees, while certain, are brief. The passing nature of such remarkable references to Isaac's willingness indicate that the content could be taken for granted, for recent innovations necessitate detailed presentation, not longstanding traditions. For instance, one of the brothers of 4 Maccabees calls out to another, "Remember whence you came and at the hand of what father Isaac gave himself to be sacrificed for piety's sake" (13:12). Later, it is also related that Isaac, "seeing his father's hand, with knife in it, fall down against him, did not cower" (16:20). The particular character of the manner of the appropriation of the Akedah in such instances indicates that the concept of a willing, obedient, fearless Isaac had common cultural currency and thus (in Vermes's words) "echoes traditional views." ...”
Leroy A. Huizenga, The New Isaac: Tradition and Intertextuality in the Gospel of Matthew (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 17.
“... This marvellous text from Targum Pseudo-Jonathan illustrates three things: Abraham's awareness of his pure intentions; his motivation to carry out God's decree with joy; and his intercession on behalf of his descendants, that when they enter 'the hour of distress' God may 'remember' them and 'redeem' them. [...] The Targum to Genesis 22 enhances the Akedah narrative by depicting Isaac as a willing participant in the human sacrifice: he asks his father Abraham to bind his hands and body tightly so that he will neither move nor flinch. This may be why Abraham calls upon God to have mercy upon Isaac's children, aware of the merit accruing to his son for such willingness. At the same time, Abraham is aware of the role that his honest, joyful obedience plays in the act itself, a fact he brings to God's attention when requesting mercy upon his descendants when they are in distress. ...”
Ruth Sheridan, The Figure of Abraham in John 8: Text and Intertext, LNTS 619 (London: T&T Clark, 2020), 345.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 22:10

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