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Genesis

About this book

The Testing of Abraham

Chapter 22

1 Some time after these things God tested Abraham.⁠ He said to him, “Abraham!” “Here I am!” Abraham replied.⁠ 2 God said, “Take your⁠ son—your only son, whom you love, Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah!⁠ Offer him up there as a burnt offering⁠ on one of the mountains which I will indicate to you.”⁠ 3 Early in the morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took two of his young servants with him,⁠ along with his son Isaac. When he had cut the wood for the burnt offering, he started out for the place God had spoken to him about. 4 On the third day Abraham caught sight of the place in the distance. 5 So he said to his servants, “You two stay here with the donkey while the boy and I go up there. We will worship and then return to you.”⁠ 6 Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and put it on his son Isaac. Then he took the fire and the knife in his hand, and the two of them walked on together. 7 Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father?” “What is it, my son?” he replied. “Here is the fire and the wood,” Isaac said, “but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?”⁠ 8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood.⁠ 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife,⁠ and prepared to slaughter his son.⁠ 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered.⁠ 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God⁠ because you did not withhold your son,⁠ your only son, from me.” 13 Abraham looked up and saw behind him a ram caught in the bushes by its horns.⁠ So he went over and got the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 And Abraham called the name of that place “The Lord provides.” It is said to this day, “In the mountain of the Lord provision will be made.”⁠ 15 The angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven 16 and said, “I solemnly swear by my own name, decrees the Lord, that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will indeed bless you, and I will greatly multiply your descendants so that they will be as countless as the stars in the sky or the grains of sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the strongholds of their enemies. 18 Because you have obeyed me, all the nations of the earth will pronounce blessings on one another using the name of your descendants.” 19 Then Abraham returned to his servants, and they set out together for Beer Sheba where Abraham stayed.⁠

Nahor's Descendants

20 After these things Abraham was told, “Milcah also has borne children to your brother Nahor— 21 Uz the firstborn, his brother Buz, Kemuel (the father of Aram), 22 Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel.” 23 (Now Bethuel became the father of Rebekah.) These were the eight sons Milcah bore to Abraham’s brother Nahor. 24 His concubine, whose name was Reumah, also bore him children—Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 22:10

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Targum

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Summary

In Genesis, Isaac says nothing as Abraham prepares to kill him. In 4 Maccabees he is described as especially brave, and in the Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan he asks Abraham to tie him well, so he will not struggle and spoil the offering.

Passages

Genesis 22:10

Hebrew Bible
9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife, and prepared to slaughter his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered. 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God because you did not withhold your son, your only son, from me.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

4 Maccabees 16:20

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
19 and so you ought to endure every hardship for God’s sake. 20 For his sake our father Abraham hurried to sacrifice his son Isaac, the father of our nation, and when Isaac saw his father’s hand coming down on him with the sword, he did not flinch. 21 The righteous Daniel was thrown to the lions, and Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael were hurled into the fiery furnace, and they endured for God’s sake.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 22:10

Targum
10 Abraham put forth his hand and took the knife to slaughter his son. Isaac spoke up and said to his father: 'Tie me well lest I struggle because of the anguish of my soul, with the result that a blemish will be found in your offering, and I will be thrust into the pit of destruction.' The eyes of Abraham were looking at the eyes of Isaac, and the eyes of Isaac were looking at the angels on high. Isaac saw them but Abraham did not see them. The angels on high exclaimed: 'Come, see two unique ones who are in the world; one is slaughtering, and one is being slaughtered; the one who slaughters does not hesitate, and the one who is being slaughtered stretches forth his neck.'
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

“... For example, many references to Isaac's willingness in documents such as L.A.B. and 4 Maccabees, while certain, are brief. The passing nature of such remarkable references to Isaac's willingness indicate that the content could be taken for granted, for recent innovations necessitate detailed presentation, not longstanding traditions. For instance, one of the brothers of 4 Maccabees calls out to another, "Remember whence you came and at the hand of what father Isaac gave himself to be sacrificed for piety's sake" (13:12). Later, it is also related that Isaac, "seeing his father's hand, with knife in it, fall down against him, did not cower" (16:20). The particular character of the manner of the appropriation of the Akedah in such instances indicates that the concept of a willing, obedient, fearless Isaac had common cultural currency and thus (in Vermes's words) "echoes traditional views." ...”
Leroy A. Huizenga, The New Isaac: Tradition and Intertextuality in the Gospel of Matthew (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 17.
“... This marvellous text from Targum Pseudo-Jonathan illustrates three things: Abraham's awareness of his pure intentions; his motivation to carry out God's decree with joy; and his intercession on behalf of his descendants, that when they enter 'the hour of distress' God may 'remember' them and 'redeem' them. [...] The Targum to Genesis 22 enhances the Akedah narrative by depicting Isaac as a willing participant in the human sacrifice: he asks his father Abraham to bind his hands and body tightly so that he will neither move nor flinch. This may be why Abraham calls upon God to have mercy upon Isaac's children, aware of the merit accruing to his son for such willingness. At the same time, Abraham is aware of the role that his honest, joyful obedience plays in the act itself, a fact he brings to God's attention when requesting mercy upon his descendants when they are in distress. ...”
Ruth Sheridan, The Figure of Abraham in John 8: Text and Intertext, LNTS 619 (London: T&T Clark, 2020), 345.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 22:10

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