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About this book

Nahum

About this book

The Vision of Nahum

Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:⁠

God as Divine Warrior

2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry.⁠ The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.⁠ 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished.⁠ He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.⁠ 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.⁠ 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste.⁠

6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him.⁠ 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness.⁠

Announcement of Punishment against Nineveh and Salvation for Judah

9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time. 10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble.⁠ 11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist.⁠

12 This is what the Lord says:⁠ “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more.⁠ 13 And now, I will break Assyria’s yoke bar from your neck; I will tear apart the shackles that are on you.”

14 The Lord has issued a decree against you: “Your dynasty will come to an end. I will destroy the idols and images in the temples of your gods. I will desecrate your grave, because you are accursed!”⁠

15 Look! A herald is running on the mountains! A messenger is proclaiming deliverance:⁠ “Celebrate your sacred festivals, O Judah! Fulfill your sacred vows to praise God! For never again will the wicked Assyrians invade you; they have been completely destroyed.”

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Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:10 and Jonathan Nahum 1:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, God's enemies are said to burn like thornbushes. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, it is specifically foreign rulers who lead Israel astray and destroy it, blaming its ruin on corrupt foreign influence.

Passages

Nahum 1:10

Hebrew Bible
8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness.9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time.10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble.11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist.12 This is what the Lord says: “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more.
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 1:10

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
8 In mighty anger and in fierce fury he will utterly destroy the peoples who have arisen and laid waste the holy house of the Lord, and he will hand his enemies over to Gehenna.9 You peoples who have plundered Israel, what are you plotting against the Lord? He is about to destroy you utterly, and distress will not rise against the house of Israel twice. 10 For the rulers of the people who plundered the house of Israel led them astray, like people staggering with wine, and consumed them as fire consumes very dry stubble.11 From you, Nineveh, comes a king who is plotting evil against the people of the Lord, who devises a wicked plan.12 This is what the Lord says: “Even if the peoples who have gathered to afflict you, Jerusalem, are perfect in their planning and great in number, and they cross the Tigris and pass over the Euphrates and come to afflict you, though I have made you serve, I will not make you serve again.

References

“... It is also likely that Targumic tradition forms the background for Jerome’s explanation of Nahum 1:10–11. The very obscure Hebrew of 1:10, For though they be like tangled thorns, and be drenched as it were in their drink, they shall be devoured utterly as dry stubble,51 left a good deal for the Targumist to explain. He referred the verse to the rulers of the Gentiles who plundered Israel: and just as they went astray through wine, they led them astray (into idolatry): they destroyed them as a fire destroys stubble which is very dry. The Aramaic root ṭʿy, go astray, wander, has the sense also of going astray after idols, and is common in the Targum with this sense. The noun from this root, ṭʿwwʾ, error, is commonly used to mean idol. Israel, then, is seen by the Targum as led into idol-worship by these ‘rulers of the Gentiles’. ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 314.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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