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Jonathan Nahum

Targum Jonathan to the Prophets

About this book

The Prophecy Against Nineveh

Chapter 1

1 The burden of the cup of cursing that Nineveh is to be made to drink.⁠ Earlier, Jonah son of Amittai from Gath Hepher prophesied against her, and she turned from her sins. Now that she has sinned again, Nahum from the house of Koshi prophesied against her again, as it is written in this record.

The Lord’s Vengeance

2 The Lord is a God who judges and avenges. The Lord is an avenger, and great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance on those who hate⁠ his people, and to take it in mighty anger on his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger, but great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance, but he⁠ forgives those who turn to the law, though he never fails to punish those who do not turn. The Lord leads in storm and wind, and casts clouds of darkness down before him.

4 He rebukes the sea and makes it dry, and dries up all the rivers. Bashan and Carmel are desolate, and the trees of Lebanon droop. 5 The mountains tremble before him, and the hills are broken. The earth is wasted before him, the world and all who live in it.

6 When he⁠ reveals himself in mercy to give the law to his people, the world trembles before him. But when he reveals himself in anger to take vengeance on those who hate his people, who can stand before his vengeance, and who can endure the evil of his anger? His anger dissolves like fire, and the rocks are broken before him.

7 The Lord is good to⁠ Israel, a support in the time of distress, and those who trust in his word are revealed before him. 8 In mighty anger and in fierce fury he will utterly destroy the⁠ peoples who have arisen and laid waste the holy house of the Lord, and he will hand his enemies over to Gehenna.

Nineveh’s End and Jerusalem’s Relief

9 You peoples who have plundered Israel, what are you plotting against the Lord? He is about to destroy you utterly, and distress will not rise against the house of Israel twice. 10 For the⁠ rulers of the people who plundered the house of Israel led them astray, like people staggering with wine, and consumed them as fire consumes very dry stubble.

11 From you, Nineveh, comes a⁠ king who is plotting evil against the people of the Lord, who devises a wicked plan.

12 This is what the Lord says: “Even if the peoples who have gathered to afflict you,⁠ Jerusalem, are perfect in their planning and great in number, and they cross the Tigris and pass over the Euphrates and come to afflict you, though I have made you serve, I will not make you serve again. 13 And now I will shatter the yoke of the peoples from your necks, and tear off your chains.”

14 But the Lord will give a command concerning you,⁠ king of Assyria: “There will no longer be any remembrance of your name. From the house of your idols I will cut off carved image and cast image. There I will make your grave, because this is a very light thing for me.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:10 and Jonathan Nahum 1:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, God's enemies are said to burn like thornbushes. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, it is specifically foreign rulers who lead Israel astray and destroy it, blaming its ruin on corrupt foreign influence.

Passages

Nahum 1:10

Hebrew Bible
8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness.9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time.10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble.11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist.12 This is what the Lord says: “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more.
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 1:10

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
8 In mighty anger and in fierce fury he will utterly destroy the peoples who have arisen and laid waste the holy house of the Lord, and he will hand his enemies over to Gehenna.9 You peoples who have plundered Israel, what are you plotting against the Lord? He is about to destroy you utterly, and distress will not rise against the house of Israel twice. 10 For the rulers of the people who plundered the house of Israel led them astray, like people staggering with wine, and consumed them as fire consumes very dry stubble.11 From you, Nineveh, comes a king who is plotting evil against the people of the Lord, who devises a wicked plan.12 This is what the Lord says: “Even if the peoples who have gathered to afflict you, Jerusalem, are perfect in their planning and great in number, and they cross the Tigris and pass over the Euphrates and come to afflict you, though I have made you serve, I will not make you serve again.

References

“... It is also likely that Targumic tradition forms the background for Jerome’s explanation of Nahum 1:10–11. The very obscure Hebrew of 1:10, For though they be like tangled thorns, and be drenched as it were in their drink, they shall be devoured utterly as dry stubble,51 left a good deal for the Targumist to explain. He referred the verse to the rulers of the Gentiles who plundered Israel: and just as they went astray through wine, they led them astray (into idolatry): they destroyed them as a fire destroys stubble which is very dry. The Aramaic root ṭʿy, go astray, wander, has the sense also of going astray after idols, and is common in the Targum with this sense. The noun from this root, ṭʿwwʾ, error, is commonly used to mean idol. Israel, then, is seen by the Targum as led into idol-worship by these ‘rulers of the Gentiles’. ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 314.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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