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About this book

Nahum

About this book

The Vision of Nahum

Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:⁠

God as Divine Warrior

2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry.⁠ The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.⁠ 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished.⁠ He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.⁠ 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.⁠ 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste.⁠

6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him.⁠ 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness.⁠

Announcement of Punishment against Nineveh and Salvation for Judah

9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time. 10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble.⁠ 11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist.⁠

12 This is what the Lord says:⁠ “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more.⁠ 13 And now, I will break Assyria’s yoke bar from your neck; I will tear apart the shackles that are on you.”

14 The Lord has issued a decree against you: “Your dynasty will come to an end. I will destroy the idols and images in the temples of your gods. I will desecrate your grave, because you are accursed!”⁠

15 Look! A herald is running on the mountains! A messenger is proclaiming deliverance:⁠ “Celebrate your sacred festivals, O Judah! Fulfill your sacred vows to praise God! For never again will the wicked Assyrians invade you; they have been completely destroyed.”

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Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:1 and Jonathan Nahum 1:1

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, Nineveh receives a message about Ninevah. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, its people are said to have sinned again after the events of Jonah, connecting this story to it based on the name of the city.

Passages

Nahum 1:1

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 1:1

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
1 The burden of the cup of cursing that Nineveh is to be made to drink. Earlier, Jonah son of Amittai from Gath Hepher prophesied against her, and she turned from her sins. Now that she has sinned again, Nahum from the house of Koshi prophesied against her again, as it is written in this record.2 The Lord is a God who judges and avenges. The Lord is an avenger, and great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance on those who hate his people, and to take it in mighty anger on his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger, but great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance, but he forgives those who turn to the law, though he never fails to punish those who do not turn. The Lord leads in storm and wind, and casts clouds of darkness down before him.

References

“... Nahum is also made to have “prophesied,” and the direction of the prophecy toward Nineveh is contrasted with Jonah’s, as becomes clear in Targum of Nahum 1:1: Beforehand Jonah, the son of Amitai, prophet from Gath-Hephar, prophesied against her, and she repented from her sins. And when she proceeded to sin again, Nahum from Beth Koshi prophesied against her, as is written in this book. By means of reference to Jonah in a sequence, Nahum’s prophecy of doom is vindicated and is presented as the last word against those who “completely destroyed the sanctuary” (Tg. Nah. 1:8).55 Not only does that reference apply most naturally to the Romans, it applies most accurately to them after 135 CE. Israel are described as already “trusting in his Memra” (Tg. Nah. 1:7), as if repentance were accomplished and not an unfulfilled condition. That sense that heaven has already turned in Israel’s favor, that repentance has been offered and accepted, is typical of the Amoraic period. ...”
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 223.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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