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Nahum

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:⁠ 2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry.⁠ The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.⁠ 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished.⁠ He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.⁠ 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.⁠ 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste. 6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him. 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness. 9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time. 10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble. 11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist. 12 This is what the Lord says:⁠ “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more. 13 And now, I will break Assyria’s yoke bar from your neck; I will tear apart the shackles that are on you.” 14 The Lord has issued a decree against you: “Your dynasty will come to an end. I will destroy the idols and images in the temples of your gods. I will desecrate your grave, because you are accursed!”⁠ 15 (2:1) Look! A herald is running on the mountains! A messenger is proclaiming deliverance:⁠ “Celebrate your sacred festivals, O Judah! Fulfill your sacred vows to praise God! For never again will the wicked Assyrians invade you; they have been completely destroyed.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:2 and Psalm 94:1

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Nahum and Psalm 94 both appeal to the “God of vengeance” to move against their enemies. Nahum builds on this theme by incorporating imagery of storms and the sea, following ancient Near Eastern tradition and describing God as a storm deity.

Passages

Nahum 1:2

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite: 2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet. 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

Psalm 94:1

Hebrew Bible
1 O Lord, the God who avenges! O God who avenges, reveal your splendor. 2 Rise up, O judge of the earth. Pay back the proud. 3 O Lord, how long will the wicked, how long will the wicked celebrate? 4 They spew out threats and speak defiantly; all the evildoers boast. 5 O Lord, they crush your people; they oppress the nation that belongs to you.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Divine “vengeance” occurs in contexts of punishment, such as for disobedience to the commandments as in Leviticus 26:25 and Jeremiah 5:9, 29. God’s “vengeance” is also disciplinary in order to restore lawfulness, as, for example, in Isaiah 1:24-26 where God’s “vengeance”, which is used here with God’s “wrath”, occurs so that Judah will be disciplined and become again a “city of righteousness”. God’s “vengeance” also serves to end oppression and injustice, as in Isaiah 59:17. In this verse, נקם is parallel to צדקה, showing that divine “vengeance” is a revelation of divine “righteousness”. In the prophets, where divine “vengeance” occurs the most, it is also used against the nations for their attempts at reaching out for world power, as in Isaiah 47:3; Jeremiah 46:10; 50:15 and Ezekiel 24:8. God’s “vengeance” against the enemy occurs in order to bring deliverance to God’s people, as in Isaiah 33:8; 35:4; 59:18; 61:2; 63:4; Jeremiah 51:36 and Nahum 1:2; 1:15. Within the Psalms, such as 58:10; 79:10; 94:1, and the confessions of Jeremiah (11:20; 20:12), the psalmists and Jeremiah are facing situations of threat or oppression, and they call to God to punish their oppressors and deliver them ..."
Karen Elizabeth Durant, “Imitation of God as a Principle for Ethics Today: A Study of Selected Psalms” (PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2010), 192–193.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Nahum 1:2 and Psalm 94:1

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