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LXX Exodus

Septuagint

About this book
Chapter 18

1 And Jethro the priest of Midian, the father-in-law of Moses, heard of all that the Lord did to his people Israel; for the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt. 2 And Jethro the father-in-law of Moses, took Zipporah the wife of Moses after she had been sent away, 3 and his two sons: the name of the one was Gershom, his father saying, I was a temporary resident in a strange land; 4 and the name of the second Eliezer, saying, For the God of my father is my helper, and he has rescued me out of the hand of Pharaoh. 5 And Jethro the father-in-law of Moses, and his sons and his wife, went forth to Moses into the wilderness, where he encamped on the mount of God. 6 And it was told Moses, saying, Look, your father-in-law Jethro is coming to you, and your wife and two sons with him. 7 And Moses went forth to meet his father-in-law, and did him reverence, and kissed him, and they embraced each other, and he brought him into the tent. 8 And Moses related to his father-in-law all things that the Lord did to Pharaoh and all the Egyptians for Israel's sake, and all the labor that had happened to them in the way, and that the Lord had rescued them out of the hand of Pharaoh, and out of the hand of the Egyptians. 9 And Jethro was amazed at all the good things which the Lord did to them, in that he rescued them out of the hand of the Egyptians and out of the hand of Pharaoh. 10 And Jethro said, Blessed be the Lord, because he has rescued his people out of the hand of the Egyptians and out of the hand of Pharaoh. 11 Now I know that the Lord is great above all gods, because of this, in that they attacked them. 12 And Jethro the father-in-law of Moses took whole burnt offerings and sacrifices for God, and Aaron and all the elders of Israel came to eat bread with the father-in-law of Moses before God. 13 And it happened after the next day that Moses sat to judge the people, and all the people stood by Moses from morning till evening. 14 And Jethro having seen all that Moses did to the people, says, What is this that you do to the people? Why do you sit alone, and all the people stand by you from morning till evening? 15 And Moses says to his father-in-law, Because the people come to me to seek judgment from God. 16 For whenever there is a dispute among them, and they come to me, I give judgment upon each, and I teach them the ordinances of God and his law. 17 And the father-in-law of Moses said to him, You are not doing this thing rightly, 18 you will wear away with intolerable weariness, both you and all this people which is with you: this thing is hard, you will not be able to endure it yourself alone. 19 Now then listen to me, and I will advise you, and God shall be with you: be for the people in the things pertaining to God, and you shall bring their matters to God. 20 And you shall testify to them the ordinances of God and his law, and you shall show to them the ways in which they shall walk, and the works which they shall do. 21 And look out for yourself out of all the people able men, fearing God, righteous men, hating pride, and you shall set over the people captains of thousands and captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties, and captains of tens.⁠ 22 And they shall judge the people at all times, and the too burdensome matter they shall bring to you, but they shall judge the smaller cases; so they shall relieve you and help you. 23 If you will do this thing, God shall strengthen you, and you shall be able to attend, and all this people shall come with peace into their own place. 24 And Moses listened to the voice of his father-in-law, and did whatever he said to him. 25 And Moses chose out able men out of all Israel, and he made them captains of thousands and captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties and captains of tens over the people. 26 And they judged the people at all times; and every too burdensome matter they brought to Moses, but every light matter they judged themselves. 27 And Moses dismissed his father-in-law, and he returned to his own land.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Exodus 18:21 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 37:3

Septuagint · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Clement, the author presents the army as a model of order, yet its reference to officers over thousands, hundreds, and fifties correspond not to Roman military ranks but to those appointed by Moses in Exodus 18.

Passages

LXX Exodus 18:21

Septuagint
21 And look out for yourself out of all the people able men, fearing God, righteous men, hating pride, and you shall set over the people captains of thousands and captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties, and captains of tens. 22 And they shall judge the people at all times, and the too burdensome matter they shall bring to you, but they shall judge the smaller cases; so they shall relieve you and help you. 23 If you will do this thing, God shall strengthen you, and you shall be able to attend, and all this people shall come with peace into their own place.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Exodus

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 37:3

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 Let us therefore enlist ourselves, brothers and sisters, with all earnestness in His faultless ordinances. 2 Let us note the soldiers who serve under our rulers, how precisely, how readily, how obediently they carry out the orders given to them. 3 Not all are prefects, nor rulers of thousands, nor rulers of hundreds, nor rulers of fifties, and so on; but each man in his own rank carries out the orders given by the king and the governors. 4 The great cannot exist without the small, nor the small without the great. There is a certain blending in all things, and in this there is usefulness.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... This is surely implied by the image of the army, which appears in 1 Clem 37.1–4. Certainly the army is an example of a body of people who are interdependent, but it is also one in which subordination is appropriate according to one's rank. According to Annie Jaubert, 'this is the first time in a Christian writing that the mutual subordination of the members of the community is attached to an ideal of military type'. [...] The uncertainty on this point arises because the Roman army did not have a rank 'in charge of fifty' (1 Clem 37.3) whereas this group size (followed usually, however, by 'groups of ten') is known in the LXX (Exod 18.21, 25; Deut 1.15; 4 Kings 1.9-14; Isa 3.3; 1 Macc 3.55) and at Qumran (1QS 2.21-22; CD 13.1-2) [...] It is possible that Clement did have the Roman army in mind but drew his 'knowledge' of army structure from the LXX ...”
David G. Horrell, The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspondence: Interests and Ideology from 1 Corinthians to 1 Clement (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996), 256.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Exodus 18:21 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 37:3

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