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1 Clement

First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians

About this book

The Church as an Army and a Body

Chapter 37

1 Let us therefore enlist ourselves, brothers and sisters, with all earnestness in His faultless ordinances. 2 Let us note the soldiers who serve under our rulers, how precisely, how readily, how obediently they carry out the orders given to them. 3 Not all are prefects, nor rulers of thousands, nor rulers of hundreds, nor rulers of fifties, and so on;⁠ but each man in his own rank carries out the orders given by the king and the governors. 4 The great cannot exist without the small, nor the small without the great. There is a certain blending in all things, and in this there is usefulness. 5 Let us take our body as an example. The head without the feet is nothing; and likewise the feet without the head are nothing:⁠ even the smallest parts of our body are necessary and useful for the whole body: but all the members work together and unite in subjection, so that the whole body may be saved.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Exodus 18:21 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 37:3

Septuagint · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Clement, the author presents the army as a model of order, yet its reference to officers over thousands, hundreds, and fifties correspond not to Roman military ranks but to those appointed by Moses in Exodus 18.

Passages

LXX Exodus 18:21

Septuagint
21 And look out for yourself out of all the people able men, fearing God, righteous men, hating pride, and you shall set over the people captains of thousands and captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties, and captains of tens. 22 And they shall judge the people at all times, and the too burdensome matter they shall bring to you, but they shall judge the smaller cases; so they shall relieve you and help you. 23 If you will do this thing, God shall strengthen you, and you shall be able to attend, and all this people shall come with peace into their own place.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Exodus

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 37:3

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 Let us therefore enlist ourselves, brothers and sisters, with all earnestness in His faultless ordinances. 2 Let us note the soldiers who serve under our rulers, how precisely, how readily, how obediently they carry out the orders given to them. 3 Not all are prefects, nor rulers of thousands, nor rulers of hundreds, nor rulers of fifties, and so on; but each man in his own rank carries out the orders given by the king and the governors. 4 The great cannot exist without the small, nor the small without the great. There is a certain blending in all things, and in this there is usefulness.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... This is surely implied by the image of the army, which appears in 1 Clem 37.1–4. Certainly the army is an example of a body of people who are interdependent, but it is also one in which subordination is appropriate according to one's rank. According to Annie Jaubert, 'this is the first time in a Christian writing that the mutual subordination of the members of the community is attached to an ideal of military type'. [...] The uncertainty on this point arises because the Roman army did not have a rank 'in charge of fifty' (1 Clem 37.3) whereas this group size (followed usually, however, by 'groups of ten') is known in the LXX (Exod 18.21, 25; Deut 1.15; 4 Kings 1.9-14; Isa 3.3; 1 Macc 3.55) and at Qumran (1QS 2.21-22; CD 13.1-2) [...] It is possible that Clement did have the Roman army in mind but drew his 'knowledge' of army structure from the LXX ...”
David G. Horrell, The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspondence: Interests and Ideology from 1 Corinthians to 1 Clement (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996), 256.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Exodus 18:21 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 37:3

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