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Luke

About this book
Chapter 15

1 Now all the tax collectors and sinners were coming to hear him. 2 But the Pharisees and the experts in the law were complaining, “This man welcomes sinners and eats with them.” 3 So Jesus told them this parable: 4 “Which one of you, if he has a hundred sheep and loses one of them, would not leave the ninety-nine in the open pasture and go look for the one that is lost until he finds it?⁠ 5 Then when he has found it, he places it on his shoulders, rejoicing. 6 Returning home, he calls together his friends and neighbors, telling them, ‘Rejoice with me because I have found my sheep that was lost.’ 7 I tell you, in the same way there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous people who have no need to repent. 8 “Or what woman, if she has ten silver coins and loses one of them, does not light a lamp, sweep the house, and search thoroughly until she finds it?⁠ 9 Then when she has found it, she calls together her friends and neighbors, saying, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found the coin that I had lost.’ 10 In the same way, I tell you, there is joy in the presence of God’s angels over one sinner who repents.” 11 Then Jesus said, “A man had two sons. 12 The younger of them said to his father, ‘Father, give me the share of the estate that will belong to me.’⁠ So he divided his assets between them. 13 After a few days, the younger son gathered together all he had and left on a journey to a distant country, and there he squandered his wealth with a wild lifestyle. 14 Then after he had spent everything, a severe famine took place in that country, and he began to be in need. 15 So he went and worked for one of the citizens of that country, who sent him to his fields to feed pigs. 16 He was longing to eat the carob pods the pigs were eating, but no one gave him anything.⁠ 17 But when he came to his senses, he said, ‘How many of my father’s hired workers have food enough to spare, but here I am dying from hunger! 18 I will get up and go to my father⁠ and say to him, “Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.⁠ 19 I am no longer worthy to be called your son; treat me like one of your hired workers.”’⁠ 20 So he got up and went to his father. But while he was still a long way from home his father saw him, and his heart went out to him; he ran and hugged his son and kissed him.⁠ 21 Then his son said to him, ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son.’⁠ 22 But the father said to his slaves, ‘Hurry! Bring the best robe, and put it on him! Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet! 23 Bring the fattened calf and kill it! Let us eat and celebrate, 24 because this son of mine was dead, and is alive again—he was lost and is found!’ So they began to celebrate. 25 “Now his older son was in the field. As he came and approached the house, he heard music and dancing. 26 So he called one of the slaves and asked what was happening. 27 The slave replied, ‘Your brother has returned, and your father has killed the fattened calf because he got his son back safe and sound.’ 28 But the older son became angry and refused to go in. His father came out and appealed to him, 29 but he answered his father, ‘Look! These many years I have worked like a slave for you, and I never disobeyed your commands. Yet you never gave me even a goat so that I could celebrate with my friends! 30 But when this son of yours came back, who has devoured your assets with prostitutes,⁠ you killed the fattened calf for him!’ 31 Then the father said to him, ‘Son, you are always with me, and everything that belongs to me is yours. 32 It was appropriate to celebrate and be glad, for your brother was dead, and is alive; he was lost and is found.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 33:4 and Luke 15:22

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

The parable of the prodigal son in Luke evokes Genesis 33 in its depiction of a dramatic reunion, with one figure running, embracing, falling upon the other’s neck, and kissing them. The similarity connects the parable with Jacob and Esau’s reunion.

Passages

Genesis 33:4

Hebrew Bible
1 Jacob looked up and saw that Esau was coming along with 400 men. So he divided the children among Leah, Rachel, and the two female servants. 2 He put the servants and their children in front, with Leah and her children behind them, and Rachel and Joseph behind them. 3 But Jacob himself went on ahead of them, and he bowed toward the ground seven times as he approached his brother. 4 But Esau ran to meet him, embraced him, hugged his neck, and kissed him. Then they both wept. 5 When Esau looked up and saw the women and the children, he asked, “Who are these people with you?” Jacob replied, “The children whom God has graciously given your servant.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Luke 15:22

New Testament
18 I will get up and go to my father and say to him, “Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. 19 I am no longer worthy to be called your son; treat me like one of your hired workers.”’ 20 So he got up and went to his father. But while he was still a long way from home his father saw him, and his heart went out to him; he ran and hugged his son and kissed him. 21 Then his son said to him, ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son.’ 22 But the father said to his slaves, ‘Hurry! Bring the best robe, and put it on him! Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet! 23 Bring the fattened calf and kill it! Let us eat and celebrate, 24 because this son of mine was dead, and is alive again—he was lost and is found!’ So they began to celebrate.
75–85 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Luke

References

"... The father runs to meet the son - an outlandish behavior, as emphasized by many interpreters. According to tradition, the 'way' a man walks 'shows what he is' (Sirach 19:30), and therefore a dignified man does not run. We must imagine here a prominent person wearing a long robe. In order to run, he must pull up the robe, exposing his legs, which would have been considered shameful in a Semitic culture. Even in a gentile Greco-Roman context, a 'proud man' makes slow steps. Prior to hearing what the son might have to say, the father embraces his son (literally the Greek reads, 'he fell upon his neck' an expression found in Genesis 33:4; 45:14; 46:29; 3 Maccabees 5:49; Acts 20:37) and kisses him. The scene recalls, above all, the reconciliation scene between Jacob and Esau, in which nearly the same language is used - Esau (a relatively young man) runs, falls upon the neck of Jacob his younger brother, and kisses him (Genesis 33:4 ... the sequence of Luke's verbs corresponds to that of the Masoretic Text of Genesis 33:4 rather than to that of the LXX) All takes place in the parable as though there is no time or opportunity for the son to greet his father properly, fall at his feet, and begin to make his speech ..."
Arland J. Hultgren, The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary, The Bible in Its World (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 78.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 33:4 and Luke 15:22

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