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Jonathan Nahum

Targum Jonathan to the Prophets

About this book

The Prophecy Against Nineveh

Chapter 1

1 The burden of the cup of cursing that Nineveh is to be made to drink.⁠ Earlier, Jonah son of Amittai from Gath Hepher prophesied against her, and she turned from her sins. Now that she has sinned again, Nahum from the house of Koshi prophesied against her again, as it is written in this record.

The Lord’s Vengeance

2 The Lord is a God who judges and avenges. The Lord is an avenger, and great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance on those who hate⁠ his people, and to take it in mighty anger on his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger, but great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance, but he⁠ forgives those who turn to the law, though he never fails to punish those who do not turn. The Lord leads in storm and wind, and casts clouds of darkness down before him.

4 He rebukes the sea and makes it dry, and dries up all the rivers. Bashan and Carmel are desolate, and the trees of Lebanon droop. 5 The mountains tremble before him, and the hills are broken. The earth is wasted before him, the world and all who live in it.

6 When he⁠ reveals himself in mercy to give the law to his people, the world trembles before him. But when he reveals himself in anger to take vengeance on those who hate his people, who can stand before his vengeance, and who can endure the evil of his anger? His anger dissolves like fire, and the rocks are broken before him.

7 The Lord is good to⁠ Israel, a support in the time of distress, and those who trust in his word are revealed before him. 8 In mighty anger and in fierce fury he will utterly destroy the⁠ peoples who have arisen and laid waste the holy house of the Lord, and he will hand his enemies over to Gehenna.

Nineveh’s End and Jerusalem’s Relief

9 You peoples who have plundered Israel, what are you plotting against the Lord? He is about to destroy you utterly, and distress will not rise against the house of Israel twice. 10 For the⁠ rulers of the people who plundered the house of Israel led them astray, like people staggering with wine, and consumed them as fire consumes very dry stubble.

11 From you, Nineveh, comes a⁠ king who is plotting evil against the people of the Lord, who devises a wicked plan.

12 This is what the Lord says: “Even if the peoples who have gathered to afflict you,⁠ Jerusalem, are perfect in their planning and great in number, and they cross the Tigris and pass over the Euphrates and come to afflict you, though I have made you serve, I will not make you serve again. 13 And now I will shatter the yoke of the peoples from your necks, and tear off your chains.”

14 But the Lord will give a command concerning you,⁠ king of Assyria: “There will no longer be any remembrance of your name. From the house of your idols I will cut off carved image and cast image. There I will make your grave, because this is a very light thing for me.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:8 and Jonathan Nahum 1:8

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, Nineveh faces total destruction. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, it is those who specifically have destroyed the temple, applying the threat to Israel’s later persecutors.

Passages

Nahum 1:8

Hebrew Bible
6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches.7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him.8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness.9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time.10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble.
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 1:8

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
6 When he reveals himself in mercy to give the law to his people, the world trembles before him. But when he reveals himself in anger to take vengeance on those who hate his people, who can stand before his vengeance, and who can endure the evil of his anger? His anger dissolves like fire, and the rocks are broken before him.7 The Lord is good to Israel, a support in the time of distress, and those who trust in his word are revealed before him. 8 In mighty anger and in fierce fury he will utterly destroy the peoples who have arisen and laid waste the holy house of the Lord, and he will hand his enemies over to Gehenna.9 You peoples who have plundered Israel, what are you plotting against the Lord? He is about to destroy you utterly, and distress will not rise against the house of Israel twice. 10 For the rulers of the people who plundered the house of Israel led them astray, like people staggering with wine, and consumed them as fire consumes very dry stubble.

References

“... Other crucial verses are Nahum 1:8–9, which talk about “the nations which rose up and utterly destroyed the Sanctuary, who will be delivered to Gehinnam”, and then again: “Nations who have plundered Israel” (cf. Gordon 1994:41–45 for a detailed discussion). To the Targumist the na- tions who have plundered Judah (“Israel”) and its temple are more impor- tant than the obvious references to Nineveh. This is in line with one of the functions of the Targum “to apply the words of Scripture to contemporary situations” (Gordon 1994:40). ...”
Jan Petrus Bosman, Social Identity in Nahum: A Theological-Ethical Enquiry, Biblical Intersections 1 (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2008), 224.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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