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Jeremiah

About this book
Chapter 31

1 At that time I will be the God of all the clans of Israel, and they will be my people. I, the Lord, affirm it!” 2 The Lord says: “The people of Israel who survived death at the hands of the enemy will find favor in the wilderness as they journey to find rest for themselves. 3 In a faraway land the Lord will manifest himself to them. He will say to them, ‘I have loved you with an everlasting love. That is why I have continued to be faithful to you. 4 I will rebuild you, my dear children Israel, so that you will once again be built up. Once again you will take up the tambourine and join in the happy throng of dancers.⁠ 5 Once again you will plant vineyards on the hills of Samaria. Those who plant them will once again enjoy their fruit. 6 Yes, a time is coming when watchmen will call out on the mountains of Ephraim, “Come! Let us go to Zion to worship the Lord our God!”’” 7 Moreover, the Lord says: “Sing for joy for the descendants of Jacob. Utter glad shouts for that foremost of the nations. Make your praises heard. Then say, ‘Lord, rescue your people. Deliver those of Israel who remain alive.’ 8 Then I will reply, ‘I will bring them back from the land of the north. I will gather them in from the distant parts of the earth. Blind and lame people will come with them, so will pregnant women and women about to give birth. A vast throng of people will come back here. 9 They will come back shedding tears of contrition. I will bring them back praying prayers of repentance. I will lead them besides streams of water, along smooth paths where they will never stumble. I will do this because I am Israel’s father; Ephraim is my firstborn son.’⁠ 10 “Listen to the Lord’s message, O nations. Proclaim it in the faraway lands along the sea. Say, ‘The one who scattered Israel will regather them. He will watch over his people like a shepherd watches over his flock.’ 11 For the Lord will rescue the descendants of Jacob. He will secure their release from those who had overpowered them. 12 They will come and shout for joy on Mount Zion. They will be radiant with joy over the good things the Lord provides, the grain, the fresh wine, the olive oil, the young sheep, and the calves he has given to them. They will be like a well-watered garden and will not grow faint or weary any more. 13 The Lord says, ‘At that time young women will dance and be glad. Young men and old men will rejoice. I will turn their grief into gladness. I will give them comfort and joy in place of their sorrow. 14 I will provide the priests with abundant provisions. My people will be filled to the full with the good things I provide.’ 15 The Lord says: “A sound is heard in Ramah, a sound of crying in bitter grief. It is the sound of Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because her children are gone.”⁠ 16 The Lord says to her, “Stop crying! Do not shed any more tears. For your heartfelt repentance will be rewarded. Your children will return from the land of the enemy. I, the Lord, affirm it! 17 Indeed, there is hope for your posterity. Your children will return to their own territory. I, the Lord, affirm it! 18 I have indeed heard the people of Israel say mournfully, ‘We were like a calf untrained to the yoke. You disciplined us, and we learned from it. Let us come back to you and we will do so, for you are the Lord our God.⁠ 19 For after we turned away from you we repented. After we came to our senses we struck our thigh in sorrow. We are ashamed and humiliated because of the disgraceful things we did previously.’ 20 Indeed, the people of Israel are my dear children. They are the children I take delight in. For even though I must often rebuke them, I still remember them with fondness. So I am deeply moved with pity for them and will surely have compassion on them. I, the Lord, affirm it! 21 I will say, ‘My dear children of Israel, keep in mind the road you took when you were carried off. Mark off in your minds the landmarks. Make a mental note of telltale signs marking the way back. Return, my dear children of Israel. Return to these cities of yours. 22 How long will you vacillate, you who were once like an unfaithful daughter? For I, the Lord, promise to bring about something new on the earth, something as unique as a woman protecting a man!’” 23 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies, the God of Israel, says, “I will restore the people of Judah to their land and to their towns. When I do, they will again say of Jerusalem, ‘May the Lord bless you, you holy mountain, the place where righteousness dwells.’ 24 The land of Judah will be inhabited by people who live in its towns, as well as by farmers and shepherds with their flocks. 25 I will fully satisfy the needs of those who are weary and fully refresh the souls of those who are faint. 26 Then they will say, ‘Under these conditions I can enjoy sweet sleep when I wake up and look around.’ 27 “Indeed, a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when I will cause people and animals to sprout up in the lands of Israel and Judah. 28 In the past I saw to it that they were uprooted and torn down, that they were destroyed and demolished and brought disaster. But now I will see to it that they are built up and firmly planted. I, the Lord, affirm it! 29 “When that time comes, people will no longer say, ‘The parents have eaten sour grapes, but the children’s teeth have grown numb.’ 30 Rather, each person will die for his own sins. The teeth of the person who eats the sour grapes will themselves grow numb.⁠ 31 “Indeed, a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when I will make a new covenant with the people of Israel and Judah. 32 It will not be like the old covenant that I made with their ancestors when I delivered them from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” says the Lord. 33 “But I will make a new covenant with the whole nation of Israel after I plant them back in the land,” says the Lord. “I will put my law within them and write it on their hearts and minds. I will be their God, and they will be my people.⁠ 34 “People will no longer need to teach their neighbors and relatives to know me. For all of them, from the least important to the most important, will know me,” says the Lord. “For I will forgive their sin and will no longer call to mind the wrong they have done.” 35 The Lord has made a promise to Israel. He promises it as the one who fixed the sun to give light by day and the moon and stars to give light by night. He promises it as the one who stirs up the sea so that its waves roll. His name is the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 36 The Lord affirms, “The descendants of Israel will not cease forever to be a nation in my sight. That could only happen if the fixed ordering of the heavenly lights⁠ were to cease to operate before me.” 37 The Lord says, “I will not reject all the descendants of Israel because of all that they have done. That could only happen if the heavens above could be measured or the foundations of the earth below could all be explored,” says the Lord. 38 “Indeed a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when the city of Jerusalem will be rebuilt as my special city. It will be built from the Tower of Hananel westward to the Corner Gate. 39 The boundary line will extend beyond that, straight west from there to the Hill of Gareb and then turn southward to Goah. 40 The whole valley where dead bodies and sacrificial ashes are thrown, and all the terraced fields out to the Kidron Valley on the east as far north as the corner of the Horse Gate, will be included within this city that is sacred to the Lord. The city will never again be torn down or destroyed.”

Texts in conversation

The New Covenant Written on the Heart in Jeremiah 31 and Ezekiel 36

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Jeremiah and Ezekiel describe a new covenant that comes after a new exodus. The first covenant was given at Sinai and written on stone tablets, and in the new covenant the Torah is written on the heart with God’s spirit reshaping the people of Israel.
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Passages

Ezekiel 36:27

Hebrew Bible
25 I will sprinkle you with pure water, and you will be clean from all your impurities. I will purify you from all your idols. 26 I will give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you. I will remove the heart of stone from your body and give you a heart of flesh. 27 I will put my Spirit within you; I will take the initiative, and you will obey my statutes and carefully observe my regulations. 28 Then you will live in the land I gave to your fathers; you will be my people, and I will be your God. 29 I will save you from all your uncleanness. I will call for the grain and multiply it; I will not bring a famine on you.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Jeremiah 31:33

Hebrew Bible
31 “Indeed, a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when I will make a new covenant with the people of Israel and Judah. 32 It will not be like the old covenant that I made with their ancestors when I delivered them from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” says the Lord. 33 “But I will make a new covenant with the whole nation of Israel after I plant them back in the land,” says the Lord. “I will put my law within them and write it on their hearts and minds. I will be their God, and they will be my people. 34 “People will no longer need to teach their neighbors and relatives to know me. For all of them, from the least important to the most important, will know me,” says the Lord. “For I will forgive their sin and will no longer call to mind the wrong they have done.” 35 The Lord has made a promise to Israel. He promises it as the one who fixed the sun to give light by day and the moon and stars to give light by night. He promises it as the one who stirs up the sea so that its waves roll. His name is the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

References

"... Such interpretations of the new covenant, which refer to “changing human nature” and “changing people automatically,” raise the question of the nature of the compliance under the new covenant. Some have argued that since Israel’s experience was proof that “human beings could not voluntarily rise to the standards required,” God would have to “hardwire” Torah into Israel’s consciousness so that she is “genetically programmed” to fulfill the covenant. On this reading, Israel’s obedience under the new covenant is a matter of automatic compliance. “[God] will alter their hearts ... and make it impossible for them to be anything but obedient to his rules and his commandments.” Moshe Greenberg finds further support for this approach in a related prophecy of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 36:27). On this reading, Israel’s obedience cannot be said to be voluntary. In my view, the new covenant is more than simply a “counsel of despair.” Despair is present; indeed, Israel’s desperate circumstances are what demonstrate the need for direct and radical intervention by God himself ... the picture of God writing on the heart alludes to the finger of God at Sinai and hence signifies that under the new covenant, the direct object of God’s Presence, creativity, power, and involvement is the human will. Accordingly, in my view, the compliance that is described in the new covenant is that of intuitive compliance rather than automatic compliance. The divine inscription is effective because it brings knowledge of God. Torah “on the heart” is understood intuitively — as opposed to what we might call Torah on “the tablet of stone,” which is not so understood ... the third difference between the old and the new covenant is that wrongdoing is finally forgiven. This is placed at the end of the promise (Jeremiah 31:34) ..."
Jonathan Burnside, God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 60.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • The verses spoken of in Ezekiel credit this new ability to follow God's instructions... to the work of GOD'S SPIRIT interacting with regenerate man's new spirit. This is all the work of a gracious and holy God and is echoed in the writings of Jesus and his disciples and Apostles. This is so encourag ...

    Kenneth Kraft, March 4, 2026

Ezekiel 36:27 and Jeremiah 31:33

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