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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 36

1 “As for you, son of man, prophesy to the mountains of Israel, and say: ‘O mountains of Israel, listen to the Lord’s message! 2 This is what the Sovereign Lord says: The enemy has spoken against you, saying “Aha!” and, “The ancient heights have become our property!”’ 3 So prophesy and say: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Surely because they have made you desolate and crushed you from all directions, so that you have become the property of the rest of the nations, and have become the subject of gossip and slander among the people, 4 therefore, O mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Sovereign Lord. This is what the Sovereign Lord says to the mountains and hills, the ravines and valleys, and to the desolate ruins and the abandoned cities that have become prey and an object of derision to the rest of the nations round about; 5 therefore, this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Surely I have spoken in the fire of my zeal against the rest of the nations and against all Edom, who with great joy and utter contempt have made my land their property and prey, because of its pasture.’ 6 “Therefore prophesy concerning the land of Israel, and say to the mountains and hills, the ravines and valleys, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I have spoken in my zeal and in my anger because you have endured the insults of the nations. 7 So this is what the Sovereign Lord says: I vow that the nations around you will endure insults as well. 8 “‘But you, mountains of Israel, will grow your branches and bear your fruit for my people Israel, for they will arrive soon. 9 For indeed, I am on your side; I will turn to you, and you will be plowed and planted. 10 I will multiply your people—the whole house of Israel, all of it. The cities will be populated and the ruins rebuilt. 11 I will increase the number of people and animals on you; they will increase and be fruitful. I will cause you to be inhabited as in ancient times and will do more good for you than at the beginning of your history. Then you will know that I am the Lord. 12 I will lead people, my people Israel, across you; they will possess you, and you will become their inheritance. No longer will you bereave them of their children. 13 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because they are saying to you, “You are a devourer of men and bereave your nation of children,”⁠ 14 therefore you will no longer devour people and no longer bereave your nation of children, declares the Sovereign Lord. 15 I will no longer subject you to the nations’ insults; no longer will you bear the shame of the peoples, and no longer will you bereave your nation, declares the Sovereign Lord.’” 16 The Lord’s message came to me: 17 “Son of man, when the house of Israel was living on their own land, they defiled it by their behavior and their deeds. In my sight their behavior was like the uncleanness of a woman having her monthly period.⁠ 18 So I poured my anger on them because of the blood they shed on the land and because of the idols with which they defiled it. 19 I scattered them among the nations; they were dispersed throughout foreign countries. In accordance with their behavior and their deeds I judged them. 20 But when they arrived in the nations where they went, they profaned my holy name. It was said of them, ‘These are the people of the Lord, yet they have departed from his land.’ 21 I was concerned for my holy reputation, which the house of Israel profaned among the nations where they went.⁠ 22 “Therefore say to the house of Israel, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: It is not for your sake that I am about to act, O house of Israel, but for the sake of my holy reputation, which you profaned among the nations where you went.⁠ 23 I will magnify my great name that has been profaned among the nations, which you have profaned among them. The nations will know that I am the Lord, declares the Sovereign Lord, when I magnify myself among you in their sight. 24 “‘I will take you from the nations and gather you from all the countries; then I will bring you to your land. 25 I will sprinkle you with pure water, and you will be clean from all your impurities. I will purify you from all your idols. 26 I will give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you. I will remove the heart of stone from your body and give you a heart of flesh. 27 I will put my Spirit within you; I will take the initiative, and you will obey my statutes and carefully observe my regulations.⁠ 28 Then you will live in the land I gave to your fathers; you will be my people, and I will be your God. 29 I will save you from all your uncleanness. I will call for the grain and multiply it; I will not bring a famine on you. 30 I will multiply the fruit of the trees and the produce of the fields, so that you will never again suffer the disgrace of famine among the nations. 31 Then you will remember your evil behavior and your deeds that were not good; you will loathe yourselves on account of your sins and your abominable deeds. 32 Understand that it is not for your sake I am about to act, declares the Sovereign Lord. Be ashamed and embarrassed by your behavior, O house of Israel. 33 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: In the day I cleanse you from all your sins, I will populate the cities, and the ruins will be rebuilt. 34 The desolate land will be plowed, instead of being desolate in the sight of everyone who passes by. 35 They will say, “This desolate land has become like the garden of Eden; the ruined, desolate, and destroyed cities are now fortified and inhabited.”⁠ 36 Then the nations that remain around you will know that I, the Lord, have rebuilt the ruins and replanted what was desolate. I, the Lord, have spoken—and I will do it!’ 37 “This is what the Sovereign Lord says: I will allow the house of Israel to ask me to do this for them: I will multiply their people like sheep. 38 Like the sheep for offerings, like the sheep of Jerusalem during her appointed feasts, so the ruined cities will be filled with flocks of people. Then they will know that I am the Lord.”

Texts in conversation

The New Covenant Written on the Heart in Jeremiah 31 and Ezekiel 36

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Jeremiah and Ezekiel describe a new covenant that comes after a new exodus. The first covenant was given at Sinai and written on stone tablets, and in the new covenant the Torah is written on the heart with God’s spirit reshaping the people of Israel.
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Passages

Ezekiel 36:27

Hebrew Bible
25 I will sprinkle you with pure water, and you will be clean from all your impurities. I will purify you from all your idols. 26 I will give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you. I will remove the heart of stone from your body and give you a heart of flesh. 27 I will put my Spirit within you; I will take the initiative, and you will obey my statutes and carefully observe my regulations. 28 Then you will live in the land I gave to your fathers; you will be my people, and I will be your God. 29 I will save you from all your uncleanness. I will call for the grain and multiply it; I will not bring a famine on you.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Jeremiah 31:33

Hebrew Bible
31 “Indeed, a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when I will make a new covenant with the people of Israel and Judah. 32 It will not be like the old covenant that I made with their ancestors when I delivered them from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” says the Lord. 33 “But I will make a new covenant with the whole nation of Israel after I plant them back in the land,” says the Lord. “I will put my law within them and write it on their hearts and minds. I will be their God, and they will be my people. 34 “People will no longer need to teach their neighbors and relatives to know me. For all of them, from the least important to the most important, will know me,” says the Lord. “For I will forgive their sin and will no longer call to mind the wrong they have done.” 35 The Lord has made a promise to Israel. He promises it as the one who fixed the sun to give light by day and the moon and stars to give light by night. He promises it as the one who stirs up the sea so that its waves roll. His name is the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

References

"... Such interpretations of the new covenant, which refer to “changing human nature” and “changing people automatically,” raise the question of the nature of the compliance under the new covenant. Some have argued that since Israel’s experience was proof that “human beings could not voluntarily rise to the standards required,” God would have to “hardwire” Torah into Israel’s consciousness so that she is “genetically programmed” to fulfill the covenant. On this reading, Israel’s obedience under the new covenant is a matter of automatic compliance. “[God] will alter their hearts ... and make it impossible for them to be anything but obedient to his rules and his commandments.” Moshe Greenberg finds further support for this approach in a related prophecy of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 36:27). On this reading, Israel’s obedience cannot be said to be voluntary. In my view, the new covenant is more than simply a “counsel of despair.” Despair is present; indeed, Israel’s desperate circumstances are what demonstrate the need for direct and radical intervention by God himself ... the picture of God writing on the heart alludes to the finger of God at Sinai and hence signifies that under the new covenant, the direct object of God’s Presence, creativity, power, and involvement is the human will. Accordingly, in my view, the compliance that is described in the new covenant is that of intuitive compliance rather than automatic compliance. The divine inscription is effective because it brings knowledge of God. Torah “on the heart” is understood intuitively — as opposed to what we might call Torah on “the tablet of stone,” which is not so understood ... the third difference between the old and the new covenant is that wrongdoing is finally forgiven. This is placed at the end of the promise (Jeremiah 31:34) ..."
Jonathan Burnside, God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 60.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • The verses spoken of in Ezekiel credit this new ability to follow God's instructions... to the work of GOD'S SPIRIT interacting with regenerate man's new spirit. This is all the work of a gracious and holy God and is echoed in the writings of Jesus and his disciples and Apostles. This is so encourag ...

    Kenneth Kraft, March 4, 2026

Ezekiel 36:27 and Jeremiah 31:33

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