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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 22

1 This is an oracle about the Valley of Vision: What is the reason that all of you go up to the rooftops? 2 The noisy city is full of raucous sounds; the town is filled with revelry. Your slain were not cut down by the sword; they did not die in battle. 3 All your leaders ran away together—they fled to a distant place; all your refugees were captured together—they were captured without a single arrow being shot. 4 So I say: “Don’t look at me! I am weeping bitterly. Don’t try to console me concerning the destruction of my defenseless people.” 5 For the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies has planned a day of panic, defeat, and confusion. In the Valley of Vision people shout and cry out to the hill. 6 The Elamites picked up the quiver and came with chariots and horsemen; the men of Kir prepared the shield. 7 Your very best valleys were full of chariots; horsemen confidently took their positions at the gate. 8 They removed the defenses of Judah. At that time you looked for the weapons in the House of the Forest. 9 You saw the many breaks in the walls of the City of David; you stored up water in the lower pool. 10 You counted the houses in Jerusalem and demolished houses so you could have material to reinforce the wall. 11 You made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool—but you did not trust in the one who made it; you did not depend on the one who formed it long ago. 12 At that time the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies called for weeping and mourning, for shaved heads and sackcloth.⁠ 13 But look, there is outright celebration! You say, “Kill the ox and slaughter the sheep, eat meat and drink wine. Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!” 14 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies told me this: “Certainly this sin will not be forgiven as long as you live,”⁠ says the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 15 This is what the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies says: “Go visit this administrator, Shebna, who supervises the palace, and tell him: 16 ‘What right do you have to be here? What relatives do you have buried here? Why do you chisel out a tomb for yourself here? He chisels out his burial site in an elevated place, he carves out his tomb on a cliff. 17 Look, the Lord will throw you far away, you mere man! He will wrap you up tightly. 18 He will wind you up tightly into a ball and throw you into a wide, open land. There you will die, and there with you will be your impressive chariots, which bring disgrace to the house of your master. 19 I will remove you from your office; you will be thrown down from your position. 20 “‘At that time I will summon my servant Eliakim, son of Hilkiah. 21 I will put your robe on him, tie your belt around him, and transfer your authority to him. He will become a protector of the residents of Jerusalem and of the people of Judah. 22 I will place the key to the house of David on his shoulder.⁠ When he opens the door, no one can close it; when he closes the door, no one can open it.⁠ 23 I will fasten him like a peg into a solid place; he will bring honor and respect to his father’s family. 24 His father’s family will gain increasing prominence because of him, including the offspring and the offshoots. All the small containers, including the bowls and all the jars, will hang from this peg.’ 25 “At that time,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, “the peg fastened into a solid place will come loose. It will be cut off and fall, and the load hanging on it will be cut off.” Indeed, the Lord has spoken.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 22:14 and Jonathan Isaiah 22:14

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Isaiah 22 warns that a specific sin will not be forgiven. The Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan intensifies this by adding the idea of the “second death,” a later tradition about final judgment not found in the Hebrew version.

Passages

Isaiah 22:14

Hebrew Bible
12 At that time the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies called for weeping and mourning, for shaved heads and sackcloth. 13 But look, there is outright celebration! You say, “Kill the ox and slaughter the sheep, eat meat and drink wine. Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!” 14 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies told me this: “Certainly this sin will not be forgiven as long as you live,” says the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 15 This is what the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies says: “Go visit this administrator, Shebna, who supervises the palace, and tell him:
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 22:14

Targum
12 And the prophet of the LORD, the God, the God of hosts, called in that day for weeping and mourning, for shaving the head and wearing sackcloth; 13 but instead there is joy and gladness; they say, “Let us slay oxen and kill sheep, let us eat meat and drink wine; let us eat and drink, for we will die and not live.” 14 The prophet said, With my own ears I heard when this was decreed from before the LORD of hosts, that this iniquity of yours will not be forgiven you until you die the second death, said the Lord, the God, the God of hosts. 15 Thus said the Lord, the God, the God of hosts, “Come, go to this ruler, to Shebna, who is appointed over the house,
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... Repentance in Targum Isaiah 21:12 is also associated more with the eschatological judgment of individuals than with the restoration of the temple and the people, Israel’s intended end in the earlier framework ... Perhaps the closest approximation to the reading is to be found in Numbers Rabbah 16:23, which cites Isaiah 21:12 and observes (with particular reference to the term “morning” in the Hebrew), “when the time of the world to come arrives, which is called morning, we shall know in whom he delights.” The emphasis is quite different in chapter 22 of the Isaiah Targum, which focuses on the depredations of Jerusalem, the victories of the Romans, and the fate of the sanctuary, which are characteristic interests of the Tannaitic meturgeman. A particular threat is directed against those who feast in a time when the prophet calls for fasting (Targum Isaiah 22:12-13), and the threat, articulated at Targum Isaiah 22:14, is couched in language also found in the Revelation of John ... The fact that the same Theologoumenon appears in Revelation 2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8, of course, does not alone settle the questions of the chronology and meaning of the phrase. Charles Perrot and Pierre-Maurice Bogaert cite the usage in various Targumim ... but at Isaiah 22:14 in particular, the rabbis from the second century onward regularly refer to death in the straightforward sense so that the earlier, communal eschatology of the Tannaitic meturgeman appears to be reflected here ..."
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 177–178.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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