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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 19

1 This is an oracle about Egypt: Look, the Lord rides on a swift-moving cloud and approaches Egypt.⁠ The idols of Egypt tremble before him; the Egyptians lose their courage.⁠ 2 “I will provoke civil strife in Egypt: brothers will fight with one another, as will neighbors, cities, and kingdoms. 3 The Egyptians will panic, and I will confuse their strategy. They will seek guidance from the idols and from the spirits of the dead, from the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, and from the magicians.⁠ 4 I will hand Egypt over to a harsh master; a powerful king will rule over them, ”says the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 5 The water of the sea will be dried up, and the river will dry up and be empty. 6 The canals will stink; the streams of Egypt will trickle and then dry up; the bulrushes and reeds will decay, 7 along with the plants by the mouth of the river. All the cultivated land near the river will turn to dust and be blown away. 8 The fishermen will mourn and lament; all those who cast a fishhook into the river, and those who spread out a net on the water’s surface will grieve. 9 Those who make clothes from combed flax will be embarrassed; those who weave will turn pale. 10 Those who make cloth will be demoralized; all the hired workers will be depressed. 11 The officials of Zoan are nothing but fools; Pharaoh’s wise advisers give stupid advice. How dare you say to Pharaoh, “I am one of the sages, one well versed in the writings of the ancient kings”? 12 But where, oh where, are your wise men? Let them tell you, let them find out what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has planned for Egypt. 13 The officials of Zoan are fools, the officials of Memphis are misled; the rulers of her tribes lead Egypt astray. 14 The Lord has made them undiscerning; they lead Egypt astray in all she does, so that she is like a drunk sliding around in his own vomit. 15 Egypt will not be able to do a thing, head or tail, shoots or stalk. 16 At that time the Egyptians will be like women.⁠ They will tremble and fear because the Lord of Heaven’s Armies brandishes his fist against them. 17 The land of Judah will humiliate Egypt. Everyone who hears about Judah will be afraid because of what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies is planning to do to them. 18 At that time five cities in the land of Egypt will speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. One will be called the City of the Sun.⁠ 19 At that time there will be an altar for the Lord in the middle of the land of Egypt, as well as a sacred pillar dedicated to the Lord at its border. 20 It will become a visual reminder in the land of Egypt of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. When they cry out to the Lord because of oppressors, he will send them a deliverer and defender who will rescue them. 21 The Lord will reveal himself to the Egyptians, and they will acknowledge the Lord’s authority at that time. They will present sacrifices and offerings; they will make vows to the Lord and fulfill them. 22 The Lord will strike Egypt, striking and then healing them. They will turn to the Lord, and he will listen to their prayers and heal them.⁠ 23 At that time there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will visit Egypt, and the Egyptians will visit Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. 24 At that time Israel will be the third member of the group, along with Egypt and Assyria, and will be a recipient of blessing in the earth. 25 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will pronounce a blessing over the earth, saying, “Blessed be my people, Egypt, and the work of my hands, Assyria, and my special possession, Israel!”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 19:18 and LXX Isaiah 19:18

Hebrew Bible · Septuagint

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Summary

Early Hebrew versions of Isaiah 19 refer to a 'City of the Sun,' identified with Heliopolis. The Greek Septuagint instead calls it 'Asedek City,' a transliteration with no known Hebrew source, raising questions about what text the translator used.

Passages

Isaiah 19:18

Hebrew Bible
18 At that time five cities in the land of Egypt will speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. One will be called the City of the Sun. 19 At that time there will be an altar for the Lord in the middle of the land of Egypt, as well as a sacred pillar dedicated to the Lord at its border. 20 It will become a visual reminder in the land of Egypt of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. When they cry out to the Lord because of oppressors, he will send them a deliverer and defender who will rescue them.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

LXX Isaiah 19:18

Septuagint
18 In that day there shall be five cities in Egypt speaking the language of Canaan, and swearing by the name of the Lord; one city shall be called the city of Asedec. 19 In that day there shall be an altar to the Lord in the land of the Egyptians, and a pillar to the Lord by its border. 20 And it shall be for a sign to the Lord for ever in the land of Egypt: for they shall cry to the Lord by reason of those who afflict them, and the Lord shall send them a man who shall save them; he shall judge and save them.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Isaiah

References

"... The Masoretic text is importantly different from the reading of this verse found in the manuscripts of Isaiah among the Dead Sea Scrolls. In 1QIsaa and 4QIsab, the only two Isaiah manuscripts containing this verse, the relevant phrase is usually understood as “City of the Sun.” Indeed, as a noun is quite rare, but the other uses in Job 9:7 and Judges 14:18 suggest “sun” as the correct meaning. This reading suggests identifying the city with Heliopolis, since it too means “City of the Sun.” Additionally, although the exact language is different, the city described in Isaiah 19:18 recalls the city in Jeremiah 43:13, called “house of the sun,” also acknowledged as Heliopolis ... what is not clear, at least on a simple examination of the textual differences, is whether the difference is intentional and which should be regarded as the earlier or more original of the two. When we turn to the Old Greek traditions we encounter different readings altogether. The LXX has [a] puzzling phrase ... This reading generates at least two important questions: (1) What is the origin of this reading? (2) Why is 'asedek' transliterated rather than translated? The origin of this reading is a matter of debate on textual, linguistic, and historical grounds. No Hebrew text that could potentially be the Vorlage of this reading is extant, a fact that complicates any attempt to determine the reading’s origin ..."
J. Todd Hibbard, “Isaiah 19:18: A Textual Variant in Light of the Temple of Onias in Egypt,” in Concerning the Nations: Essays on the Oracles against the Nations in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, ed. Else Kragelund Holt et al. (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), 32–52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 19:18 and LXX Isaiah 19:18

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