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Barnabas

Epistle of Barnabas

About this book

Daniel's Beasts and the Approaching End

Chapter 4

1 It is necessary for us, then, to investigate deeply regarding the present and to search out the things that can save us. Let us therefore wholly flee from all works of lawlessness, lest they overpower us; and let us despise the deception of the present time so that we may be loved for what is to come. 2 Let us allow no relaxation for our soul, giving it freedom to associate with sinners and wicked men, lest we become like them. 3 The final offense is near, about which Scripture speaks, as Enoch says. For this reason the Master has shortened the seasons and the days, so that His beloved may come quickly and inherit.⁠ 4 And the prophet also speaks in this way: ‘Ten reigns will rule on the earth, and after them another king will arise, who will humble three of the kings under one.’ 5 Likewise, Daniel speaks about the same: ‘And I saw the fourth beast was wicked and strong and more stubborn than all the beasts of the earth, and from it arose ten horns, and from these another small horn and growth, and it humbled under one three of the great horns.’

Israel and the Broken Covenant

6 You should therefore understand. Moreover, I ask you this one thing besides, as someone like you, loving each of you more than my own soul, to pay attention now, and not to resemble certain people who heap sin upon sin, saying that our covenant also belongs to them. 7 It belongs to us; but they lost it forever in this way when Moses had just received it. For Scripture says: ‘And Moses was on the mountain fasting forty days and forty nights, and he received the covenant from the Lord—tablets of stone written by the finger of the hand of the Lord.’ 8 But they lost it by turning to idols. For the Lord says: ‘Moses, Moses, come down quickly, because your people, whom you brought out of the land of Egypt, have acted unlawfully.’ And Moses understood and threw down the two tablets from his hands; and their covenant was shattered,⁠ so that the covenant of the beloved Jesus might be sealed in our hearts in the hope that arises from faith in Him.

Conduct in the Last Days

9 But although I would gladly write many things, not as a teacher but as one who loves you so that you may not fail in what we possess, I was eager to write to you, being your devoted servant. Therefore, let us be cautious in these last days. For the entire duration of our faith will profit us nothing, unless now, in the time of lawlessness and impending offenses, we, as God’s children, stand firm so the Black One may not force his way in. 10 Let us flee from all vanity; let us altogether hate the works of the evil way. Do not stand apart secretly, as though you were already justified,⁠ but gather yourselves together and deliberate about the common good.⁠ 11 For Scripture says: ‘Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes and prudent in their own sight.’ Let us become spiritual, let us become a temple perfect for God. As far as we can, let us practice the fear of God, and let us strive to keep His commandments, so we may rejoice in His ordinances. 12 The Lord judges the world without partiality; everyone will receive according to their deeds. If someone is good, his righteousness will go before him on the way; if evil, the penalty for his wrongdoing is before him, so that, 13 if we relax, being called people of God, we might sleep in our sins, and the prince of evil might gain power over us and drive us out of the Lord’s kingdom. 14 Furthermore, understand this too, my brothers. When you see that even after so many signs and wonders worked in Israel, they were still abandoned, we must be cautious so that we are not found as Scripture says: ‘Many are called but few are chosen.’

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 80:2 and Barnabas 4:3

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Early Christian

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Summary

The Epistle of Barnabas appears to quote 1 Enoch 80 in describing a time when natural and cosmic rhythms break down as sin increases. Both texts refer to shortened years and disruptions in the movements of heavenly bodies.

Passages

1 Enoch 80:2

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 In those days, the angel Uriel said to me, 'Look, Enoch, I have shown you everything, and I have revealed to you that you should see this sun, this moon, and the leaders of the stars of heaven and all those who guide their paths, their duties, timings, and departures. 2 In the days of the sinners, the years will be shortened, and their seed will be delayed on their lands and fields. All things on the earth will change and will not appear at their proper times; the rain will be withheld, and the heavens will keep it back. 3 During these times, the fruits of the earth will be late, and will not grow at their proper times, and the fruits of the trees will be delayed in their time. 4 The moon will change her course and not appear at her scheduled times.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Barnabas 4:3

Early Christian · Epistle of Barnabas
2 Let us allow no relaxation for our soul, giving it freedom to associate with sinners and wicked men, lest we become like them. 3 The final offense is near, about which Scripture speaks, as Enoch says. For this reason the Master has shortened the seasons and the days, so that His beloved may come quickly and inherit. 4 And the prophet also speaks in this way: ‘Ten reigns will rule on the earth, and after them another king will arise, who will humble three of the kings under one.’ 5 Likewise, Daniel speaks about the same: ‘And I saw the fourth beast was wicked and strong and more stubborn than all the beasts of the earth, and from it arose ten horns, and from these another small horn and growth, and it humbled under one three of the great horns.’
70–135 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Barnabas

References

"... H.J. Lawlor opined almost a century ago that Barnabas 4:3 was not even a 'free quotation' of anything in 1 Enoch, but his assessment is actually too harsh. As a matter of fact, there is one passage in 1 Enoch that does feature the motif of what we might term 'time-compression' - the acceleration of time as the eschaton draws near. J.T. Milik has pointed to 1 Enoch 80:2 as a possible correlate for Barnabas 4:3: 'But in the days of the sinners the years will become shorter, and their seed will be late on their land and on their fields, and all things on the earth will change, and will not appear at their proper time.' This proposed correlation with a passage of our present texts of Enoch is probably the best advanced of this type to date, but it is not without its problems ..."
John C. Reeves, An Enochic Citation in Barnabas 4.3 and the Oracles of Hystaspes (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1994), 261–277.
"... To judge from early Christian witnesses to the work, Enoch got off to a promising start. In the epistle of pseudo-Barnabas, for example, the work is cited using a formula usually reserved for sacred scripture: περὶ οὗ γέγραπται, ὡς Ἐνὼχ λέγει ("concerning which scripture says, as Enoch says"). What further boosted its standing was a quotation from the work, prefaced with the words “Enoch prophesied,” in the New Testament epistle of Jude 14 ..."
Pierluigi Piovanelli, “Greek,” in A Guide to Early Jewish Texts and Traditions in Christian Transmission, ed. Alexander Kulik, Gabriele Boccaccini, Lorenzo DiTommaso, David Hamidović, and Michael E. Stone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 7–22.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 80:2 and Barnabas 4:3

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