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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 19

1 Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, including a detailed account of how he killed all the prophets with the sword. 2 Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah with this warning, “May the gods judge me severely if by this time tomorrow I do not take your life as you did theirs!” 3 Elijah was afraid, so he got up and fled for his life to Beer Sheba in Judah. He left his servant there, 4 while he went a day’s journey into the wilderness. He went and sat down under a shrub and asked the Lord to take his life: “I’ve had enough! Now, O Lord, take my life.⁠ After all, I’m no better than my ancestors.”⁠ 5 He stretched out and fell asleep under the shrub. Suddenly an angelic messenger touched him and said,⁠ “Get up and eat.” 6 He looked and right there by his head was a cake baking on hot coals and a jug of water. He ate and drank and then slept some more. 7 The angel of the Lord came back again, touched him, and said, “Get up and eat, for otherwise you won’t be able to make the journey.” 8 So he got up and ate and drank. That meal gave him the strength to travel 40 days and 40 nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God.⁠ 9 He went into a cave there and spent the night. Suddenly the Lord’s message came to him, “Why are you here, Elijah?” 10 He answered, “I have been absolutely loyal to the Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, even though the Israelites have abandoned the covenant they made with you, torn down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. I alone am left and now they want to take my life.” 11 The Lord said, “Go out and stand on the mountain before the Lord. Look, the Lord is ready to pass by.”⁠ A very powerful wind went before the Lord, digging into the mountain and causing landslides, but the Lord was not in the wind. After the windstorm there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake. 12 After the earthquake, there was a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire. After the fire, there was a soft whisper. 13 When Elijah heard it, he covered his face with his robe⁠ and went out and stood at the entrance to the cave. Suddenly a voice asked him, “Why are you here, Elijah?” 14 He answered, “I have been absolutely loyal to the Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, even though the Israelites have abandoned the covenant they made with you, torn down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. I alone am left and now they want to take my life.” 15 The Lord said to him, “Go back the way you came and then head for the wilderness of Damascus. Go and anoint Hazael king over Syria. 16 You must anoint Jehu son of Nimshi king over Israel, and Elisha son of Shaphat from Abel Meholah to take your place as prophet. 17 Jehu will kill anyone who escapes Hazael’s sword, and Elisha will kill anyone who escapes Jehu’s sword. 18 I still have left in Israel 7,000 followers who have not bowed their knees to Baal or kissed the images of him.” 19 Elijah went from there and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He was plowing with twelve pairs of oxen; he was near the twelfth pair. Elijah passed by him and threw his robe over him. 20 He left the oxen, ran after Elijah, and said, “Please let me kiss my father and mother goodbye, then I will follow you.”⁠ Elijah said to him, “Go back! Indeed, what have I done to you?” 21 Elisha went back and took his pair of oxen and slaughtered them. He cooked the meat over a fire that he made by burning the harness and yoke. He gave the people meat and they ate. Then he got up and followed Elijah and became his assistant.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Kings 17:6 and 1 Kings 19:5 and Mark 1:13

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Mark echoes 1 Kings 17 and 19 by describing Jesus spending forty days in the wilderness with angelic help. Like Elijah, he is sustained by God and endures isolation for the same length of time.

Passages

1 Kings 17:6

Hebrew Bible
4 Drink from the stream; I have already told the ravens to bring you food there.” 5 So he carried out the Lord’s message; he went and lived in the Kerith Valley near the Jordan. 6 The ravens would bring him bread and meat each morning and evening, and he would drink from the stream. 7 After a while, the stream dried up because there had been no rain in the land.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

1 Kings 19:5

Hebrew Bible
5 He stretched out and fell asleep under the shrub. Suddenly an angelic messenger touched him and said, “Get up and eat.” 6 He looked and right there by his head was a cake baking on hot coals and a jug of water. He ate and drank and then slept some more. 7 The angel of the Lord came back again, touched him, and said, “Get up and eat, for otherwise you won’t be able to make the journey.” 8 So he got up and ate and drank. That meal gave him the strength to travel 40 days and 40 nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God. 9 He went into a cave there and spent the night. Suddenly the Lord’s message came to him, “Why are you here, Elijah?”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

Mark 1:13

New Testament
12 The Spirit immediately drove him into the wilderness. 13 He was in the wilderness 40 days, enduring temptations from Satan. He was with wild animals, and angels were ministering to his needs. 14 Now after John was imprisoned, Jesus went into Galilee and proclaimed the gospel of God. 15 He said, “The time is fulfilled and the kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the gospel!”
60–75 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mark

References

"... Many interpreters have noted similarities between the Markan account of Jesus’ temptation in the wilderness, and Elijah’s experience in the wilderness as recorded in 1 Kings 19:4–9. The obvious parallels include the time spent by each figure in the wilderness—forty days—and the care given by angels to both figures. While these two details seem to draw the two narratives together quite closely, some have rejected any intentional relationship between them ... However, these arguments against Markan dependence on the Elijah-Elisha narrative are on the whole ignorant of the Greco-Roman practice of imitation, and are therefore unduly restrictive. As we have seen in our examination of Greco-Roman imitation, an author did not need to slavishly copy his source, but rather had the freedom to alter and adapt it to his/her narrative purposes. The examples we saw of this freedom in Virgil’s use of Homer were numerous. Such authorial freedom easily explains the so-called “problematic” differences put forth by Mahnke. While Elijah is traveling through the wilderness to mount Horeb, such traveling does not fit Mark’s narrative, so it is eliminated. Mark’s deletion of “forty nights” from his rewriting could simply be the evangelist’s desire to remove a redundancy from his source. Both of these noted differences are minor, and in light of the imitation practices of Greco-Roman authors, they do little to undermine a case for Markan imitation of the Elijah-Elisha narrative. ..."
Adam Winn, Mark and the Elijah-Elisha Narrative: Considering the Practice of Greco-Roman Imitation in the Search for Markan Source Material (Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2010), 84–85.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Kings 17:6 and 1 Kings 19:5 and Mark 1:13

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