Texts in Conversation
Origen quotes Celsus citing a Heavenly Dialogue that asks why many are round the well and no one goes into it. The Gospel of Thomas has a very similar saying, and editors corrected its Coptic text using this quotation.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Gospel of Thomas 1:74
Nag Hammadi
73 Jesus said, “The harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few; therefore, beg the Lord to send out laborers for the harvest.” 74 He said, “Lord, there are many around the well, but there is nothing in the well.” 75 Jesus said, “Many are standing at the door, but the solitary are the ones who will enter the bridal chamber.”
Origen, Contra Celsum 8.15
Against Celsus
Early Christian
Celsus goes on to say: That I may give a true representation of their faith, I will use their own words, as given in what is called A Heavenly Dialogue: 'If the Son is mightier than God, and the Son of man is Lord over Him, who else than the Son can be Lord over that God who is the ruler over all things? How comes it, that while so many go about the well, no one goes down into it? Why are you afraid when you have gone so far on the way? Answer: You are mistaken, for I lack neither courage nor weapons.' Is it not evident, then, that their views are precisely such as I have described them to be? They suppose that another God, who is above the heavens, is the Father of him whom with one accord they honour, that they may honour this Son of man alone, whom they exalt under the form and name of the great God, and whom they assert to be stronger than God, who rules the world, and that he rules over Him. And hence that maxim of theirs, 'It is impossible to serve two masters,' is maintained for the purpose of keeping up the party who are on the side of this Lord. Here, again, Celsus quotes opinions from some most obscure sect of heretics, and ascribes them to all Christians. I call it a most obscure sect; for although we have often contended with heretics, yet we are unable to discover from what set of opinions he has taken this passage, if indeed he has quoted it from any author, and has not rather concocted it himself, or added it as an inference of his own. For we who say that the visible world is under the government to Him who created all things, do thereby declare that the Son is not mightier than the Father, but inferior to Him. And this belief we ground on the saying of Jesus Himself, The Father who sent Me is greater than I. And none of us is so insane as to affirm that the Son of man is Lord over God. But when we regard the Saviour as God the Word, and Wisdom, and Righteousness, and Truth, we certainly do say that He has dominion over all things which have been subjected to Him in this capacity, but not that His dominion extends over the God and Father who is Ruler over all. Besides, as the Word rules over none against their will, there are still wicked beings — not only men, but also angels, and all demons— over whom we say that in a sense He does not rule, since they do not yield Him a willing obedience; but, in another sense of the word, He rules even over them, in the same way as we say that man rules over the irrational animals — not by persuasion, but as one who tames and subdues lions and beasts of burden. Nevertheless, he leaves no means untried to persuade even those who are still disobedient to submit to His authority. So far as we are concerned, therefore, we deny the truth of that which Celsus quotes as one of our sayings, Who else than He can be Lord over Him who is God over all?
Date: 248 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
“... Another example of Origen’s use of the Gospel of Thomas is so close that his quotation was used to correct a scribal error in the Coptic text of the Gospel of Thomas. The text of Gos. Thom. 74 as presented in Codex II of the Nag Hammadi library reads: He said, “Lord, there are many around the drinking trough (jǀte), but nothing is in the illness (šǀne).” The last clause does not make good sense, so the original editors of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas considered this text to be corrupt. Taking inspiration from a saying recorded in Origen, Contra Celsum 8.15 and 16, the editors concluded that there is a scribal error in the last word, in which the word šǀne, “illness,” had been written instead of šǀte, “well.” [...] In 8.15, Origen set forth an argument by Celsus that Christians worship the father of Jesus rather than the Creator: After this Celsus says: To show that I am not wide of the mark in forming this opinion, I will quote their own words. For in one place in the heavenly dialogue they speak there in these words: “If the Son of God is mightier, and the Son of man is his Lord (and who else will overcome the God who is mighty?), how is it that many are round the well and no one goes into it? [...] One obstacle for recognizing Origen’s use of the Gospel of Thomas for the “in the well” saying in this case is that Celsus did not identify the saying as coming from that gospel at all. Rather, Celsus quoted it as coming from some other document called the “Heavenly Dialogue.” This document is not the Gospel of Thomas because it is quoted as containing material foreign to that gospel. [...] In fact, Origen’s knowledge of the saying in the Gospel of Thomas enabled him to make another counter-argument to Celsus’s attack (c. Cels. 8.16): Then I think he muddles things again from another sect the following: How is it that many are round the well and no one goes into it? … We who belong to the church named after Christ alone say that none of these things is true. He seems to be attributing sayings which are nothing to do with us in order to be consistent with what he said earlier. Origen’s counter-attack thus accuses Celsus of “muddling things…from another sect.” This charge indicates that Origen was able to recognize some of the content of the Heavenly Dialogue, though not the actual document itself as belonging to another sect. Given Origen’s study of the Gospel of the Thomas, the basis for Origen’s recognition would have to have been his knowledge of a very similar saying found at Gos. Thom. 74. ...”
Carlson, Stephen C.
"Origen’s Use of the Gospel of Thomas" in Charlesworth, James H., and Lee Martin McDonald, with Blake A. Jurgens (eds.) Sacra Scriptura: How “Non-Canonical” Texts Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity
(pp. 145-146) Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2014
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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