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Partway through the Egyptian Opening of the Mouth ritual, the Sem priest takes off his qena garment and puts on a panther skin for the rest of the rite. Exodus 28 likewise has special holy garments made for Aaron to wear when he serves before God.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Book of Opening the Mouth 4:2
Opening of the Mouth Ritual
Ancient Near East
And the Kher heb shall say: “Pass on, and look upon the father.” Then shall the Sem take off the qena garment, and lay down the staff, and array himself in a panther’s skin. [And the Sem] shall say: “I have delivered this my Eye from his mouth; I have cut off the khepesh (i.e., leg, or thigh).”
Exodus 28:2
Hebrew Bible
1 “And you, bring near to you your brother Aaron and his sons with him from among the Israelites, so that they may minister as my priests—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron’s sons. 2 You must make holy garments for your brother Aaron, for glory and for beauty. 3 You are to speak to all who are specially skilled, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, so that they may make Aaron’s garments to set him apart to minister as my priest. 4 Now these are the garments that they are to make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a fitted tunic, a turban, and a sash. They are to make holy garments for your brother Aaron and for his sons, that they may minister as my priests. 5 The artisans are to use the gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen.
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Notes and References
“... The ritual was performed by a distinctive group of officiants. The primary participant in the Egyptian ritual was held foremost by the sm-priest under the direction of the ẖry-ḥbt, or “ritualist.” Throughout the ceremony, the sm-priest repeatedly puts on and takes off the qnỉ garment and in its stead dons the skin of a panther, ba. At no point throughout the ceremony is he not wearing one of the special articles of clothing. [...] The qdš extended to the garb. The clothing is labeled bigĕdê-qōdeš from the beginning of the prescriptions, 28:2, 4. Its sanctity is further confirmed by prescriptions to remove the dress when leaving the sacred space, Lev 6:3–4. Reason for the regulation may also be found in Ezek 42:14 and 44:19, kî qōdeš hēnnah. In its stead, other garments are donned. The putting-on and putting-off of the garb underscores the transformative function of the ancient dress. When donned, its wearers clad in the very garments of the tabernacle and ritually attributed qdš, could approach the deity. Without the garb and accompanying ritual, a meeting with the deity could not occur. [...] The Egyptian rite confirmed the perception that dress not only identifies and empowers but may transform, through ritual and incantation, its wearer into the divine. [...] While the Egyptian rite symbolically expressed a complete transformation of the priest as a deity for a portion of the rite, the attestation provides a backdrop for the biblical perception that, through ritual, garb effectively may transform its wearer as divine. ...”
Erickson, Nancy L.
"Donning the Right Garb: The Egyptian Ritual of "Opening the Mouth" and the Biblical Regulations in Exodus 28-29" in Arnold, Bill T.; Erickson, Nancy L.; Walton, John H. (ed.) Windows to the Ancient World of the Hebrew Bible: Essays in Honor of Samuel Greengus
(pp. 85-86, 92-93) Eisenbrauns, 2014
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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