Texts in Conversation
Luke echoes Exodus 40 by using “overshadow,” first used for the cloud covering the tabernacle. In Exodus it highlights God’s presence and Luke applies the same image to Mary, saying the power of God overshadows her.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
LXX Exodus 40:35
Septuagint
33 And he set up the court all around the tabernacle and the altar; and Moses accomplished all the works. 34 And the cloud covered the tabernacle of witness, and the tabernacle was filled with the glory of the Lord. 35 And Moses was not able to enter into the tabernacle of testimony, because the cloud overshadowed it, and the tabernacle was filled with the glory of the Lord.
Date: 300–201 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Luke 1:35
New Testament
34 Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I have not been intimate with a man?” 35 The angel replied, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore the child to be born will be holy; he will be called the Son of God. 36 “And look, your relative Elizabeth has also become pregnant with a son in her old age—although she was called barren, she is now in her sixth month!
Date: 75–85 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Many of the exegetes (Lyonnet, Sahlin, Hebert, Laurentin) who think that Luke portrayed Mary as the Daughter of Zion also find the symbolism of Mary as the Ark of the Covenant or as the Tabernacle of divine glory. The key to this symbolism is 1:35: 'Power from the Most High will overshadow [episkiazein] you.' I have shown above that this clause and its parallel ('The Holy Spirit will come upon you') represent the language of early christology, echoing phrases used in Gospel ministry accounts of the baptism and the transfiguration. Yet the cloud of divine presence that overshadows at the transfiguration is set against the background of Peter's offer to build tabernacles for Jesus, Moses, and Elijah (Luke 9:34-35). This reminds us that episkiazein, 'to overshadow' (along with skiazein, 'to shadow') was used to describe how the cloud of God's glory cast a shadow upon the Tabernacle in the wilderness (Exodus 40:35; Numbers 9:18,22). Indeed, the verb for overshadow and shadow described several forms of the divine presence in the OT, e.g., the cloud overshadowing the renewed Mount Zion and its festal assemblies (Isaiah 4:5); the cloud overshadowing the Israelites when they departed from the desert camp (Numbers 10:34); God overshadowing His chosen ones (Deuteronomy 33:12; Psalm 91:4); and the winged cherubim overshadowing the mercy seat or top of the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:20; 1 Chronicles 28:18) ..."
Raymond E. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979), 327.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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