Texts in Conversation
In Deuteronomy 28, Moses warns Israel that God will curse them with skin disease, blindness, and a wife taken by another man for covenant disobedience. The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon lists these same covenant curses, assigning each to an Assyrian god.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Deuteronomy 28:27
Hebrew Bible
26 Your carcasses will be food for every bird of the sky and wild animal of the earth, and there will be no one to chase them off. 27 The Lord will afflict you with the boils of Egypt and with tumors, eczema, and scabies, all of which cannot be healed. 28 The Lord will also subject you to madness, blindness, and confusion of mind. 29 You will feel your way along at noon like the blind person does in darkness and you will not succeed in anything you do; you will be constantly oppressed and continually robbed, with no one to save you. 30 You will be engaged to a woman, and another man will rape her. You will build a house but not live in it. You will plant a vineyard but not even begin to use it. 31 Your ox will be slaughtered before your very eyes, but you will not eat of it. Your donkey will be stolen from you as you watch and will not be returned to you. Your flock of sheep will be given to your enemies, and there will be no one to save you.
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§37–42
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
Ancient Near East, Assyrian
414 May Aššur, king of the gods, who decrees [the fates], decree an evil and unpleasant fate for you. May he not gra[nt yo]u long-lasting old age and the attainment of extreme old age. 417 May Mullissu, his beloved wife, make the utterance of his mouth evil, may she not intercede for you. 418A May Anu, king of the gods, let disease, exhaustion, malaria, sleeplessness, worries and ill health rain upon all your houses. 419 May Sin, the brightness of heaven and earth, clothe you with leprosy and forbid your entering into the presence of the gods or king. Roam the desert like the wild-ass and the gazelle! 422 May Šamaš, the light of heaven and earth, not judge you justly. May he remove your eyesight. Walk about in darkness! 425 May Ninurta, the foremost among the gods, fell you with his fierce arrow; may he fill the plain with your blood and feed your flesh to the eagle and the vulture. 428 May Venus, the brightest of the stars, before your eyes make your wives lie in the lap of your enemy; may your sons not take possession of your house, but a strange enemy divide your goods.
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Notes and References
“... Another type of similarity applies to the curses in Deuteronomy 28:26-33, which are paralleled in almost identical order in the treaty of Esarhaddon. [...] There is one difference in the order of these curses: had Deuteronomy followed Esarhaddon's order, verse 26 would have followed verses 27-28. This exception could be intentional, since it enables Deuteronomy to place verse 26 in a chiastically suitable location (see Excursus 26). The similar outlines could be mere coincidence; they involve only four of twenty-one paragraphs in the Esarhaddon treaty, and other parallels between Deuteronomy 28 and Esarhaddon's treaty appear in different places in the two texts with no similarity in the order. What suggests a relationship between the two texts at this point is the fact that while there is no inherent reason for this order in Deuteronomy, the order seems to correspond to traditional groupings of the gods in Mesopotamian texts. Thus plagues imposed by Sin (the moon god) and Shamash (the sun god) appear next to each other because those two deities, and the punishments they impose, are commonly paired in Mesopotamian texts. However, only the order of the curses is shared; their wording is too different to suggest that Deuteronomy copied them from Esarhaddon's treaty. ...”
Tigay, Jeffrey H.
Deuteronomy: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation (JPS Torah Commentary)
(p. 496–97) Jewish Publication Society, 1996
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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