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Leviticus 11 lists the birds Israel may not eat but never says what they have in common. The Letter of Aristeas points out that they are birds of prey, and turns the list into a lesson against using strength to rob or oppress the weak.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Leviticus 11:13

Hebrew Bible
13 “‘These you are to detest from among the birds—they must not be eaten, because they are detestable: the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture, 14 the kite, the buzzard of any kind, 15 every kind of crow, 16 the eagle owl, the short-eared owl, the long-eared owl, the hawk of any kind, 17 the little owl, the cormorant, the screech owl, 18 the white owl, the scops owl, the osprey, 19 the stork, the heron of any kind, the hoopoe, and the bat. 20 “‘Every winged swarming thing that walks on all fours is detestable to you.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)

Letter of Aristeas 1:146

Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates
Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
locusts, partridges, geese also, and all other birds of this class. But the birds which are forbidden you will find to be wild and carnivorous, tyrannizing over the others by the strength which they possess, and cruelly obtaining food by preying on the tame birds enumerated above and not only so, but they seize lambs and kids, and injure human beings too, whether dead or alive, and so by naming them unclean, he gave a sign by means of them that those, for whom the legislation was ordained, must practice righteousness in their hearts and not tyrannize over anyone in reliance on their own strength nor rob them of anything, but steer their course of life in accordance with justice, just as the tame birds, already mentioned, consume the different kinds of pulse that grow on the earth
Date: 200-150 B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#7399
“... It is for this reason that Moses permitted domesticated and herbivorous birds, but prohibited wild and carnivorous fowl, since the latter dominate the former and unjustly find food at their expense; “and not only that, they also seize lambs and kids and outrage human beings dead or alive.” In labeling wild birds of prey “impure,” Moses binds those bound by the law to act righteously and to not exert their strength over those who depend upon them. They are to act like the gentle permitted birds and not the predatory prohibited birds. Permitted and prohibited animals are allegories for pious and impious action. Therefore, Moses uses these creatures to teach proper decorum. [...] As mentioned above, the Hebrew Bible never explicitly articulates the connection between biblically tabooed animals and animals of prey (nor does it provide a list of permitted fowl, as both the Letter of Aristeas 145 and Philo, Special Laws, 4.117 do). ...”
Rosenblum, Jordan The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (p. 61) Cambridge University Press, 2016

* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.

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