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In Genesis 14, Melchizedek may be a title meaning just king, as in the Ugaritic letter, making his name a claim about the kind of ruler who blesses Abraham.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 2.81:2
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
[To the Sun], the great king, the king of Egypt, [the good king], the just king, [the king of kings], lord of all the land of [Egypt], say: Message of [Ammithtamru], your servant. At the feet [of my lord I fall]. With my lord may it be well, [with your house], with your people, with your land, [with your horses], with your chariots, [with your troops], with all that belongs [to the Sun], the great king, the king of [Egypt], [the good king], the [just] king, [the king] [of kings] […] […] […] […] grain […] […] the Sun, the great king […] […] this message […] grain […] the land of Ugarit, and also […] with the Sun, the great king, the king of Egypt, [the good king], the just king, the king of kings, […] your lord is good. And now […] great, my lord, good […] […] grain for me.
Genesis 14:18
Hebrew Bible
15 Then, during the night, Abram divided his forces against them and defeated them. He chased them as far as Hobah, which is north of Damascus. 16 He retrieved all the stolen property. He also brought back his nephew Lot and his possessions, as well as the women and the rest of the people. 17 After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet Abram in the Valley of Shaveh (known as the King’s Valley). 18 Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (Now he was the priest of the Most High God.) 19 He blessed Abram, saying, “Blessed be Abram by the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth. 20 Worthy of praise is the Most High God, who delivered your enemies into your hand.” Abram gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything.
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Notes and References
“... On the other hand, Melchizedek and Adoni-
zedek may have been Canaanite royal epithets.
E. A. Speiser has argued that Melchizedek is the
Canaanite equivalent of the Mesopotamian title
s\ar me4s\arim, “the just king” (Speiser, 318 n. 24).
This would suggest that Melchizedek is a royal
title rather than a personal name.
The use of mlk s@dq as a descriptive title is at-
tested a few times in the Northwest Semitic world.
A fourteenth-century B.C. letter addressed to the
king of Egypt discovered at Ras Ibn Hani (KTU
2.81) contains several royal epithets applied to
the *Pharaoh. Included in this salutatory list are
such titles as mlk rb (“great king”) and mlk ms@rm
(“king of Egypt”), as well as the phrase mlk s@dq
(“just king”). The tenth-century B.C. inscription of
Yeh[imilk, king of Byblos, claims that he is mlk s@dq
wmlk ys\r, “a just and upright king.” Later in the
fifth century B.C., the inscription of Yeh[awmilk,
also king of Byblos, contains the phrase k mlk s@dq
h), “for he is a just king.” ...”
Alexander, T. Desmond, and David W. Baker
Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch
(p. 563) InterVarsity Press, 2003
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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