Texts in Conversation
Exodus 19 uses a ruler's language of treasured possession from the Ugaritic letter KTU 2.39 for Israel's bond with God, making this valued position depend on loyalty to the divine king.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 2.39:12
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
Message of the Sun. To Ammurapi say: With the Sun everything is very well. To the f[eet] of the [l]ord, the Sun, [his] lo[rd], his [ser]vant […] for he is [a servant], his treasured possession, and [his master] […] and […] my lord shall not lack. And [you], you surely [k]now: now […] to the Sun, your lord, [a ser]vant, his treasured possession, are you. Now […] the Sun, your lord, you surely know it. To me, the Sun, your lord, for a year, two years, why have you not come? And as for the tablet about food that you sent to the Sun, your lord: that food in your land there is none, the Sun […] If I go […] I have given […] two […] and […] […] […] […] with […] food […] […] And the letter […] [to] me […] wherever there is any, seek it out and give it to me.
Exodus 19:5
Hebrew Bible
2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain, “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself. 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations, for all the earth is mine, 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.”
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Notes and References
“... Yhwh has chosen Israel to be for Him aעם סגלה
.The wordסגלהoccurs only
eight times in the Old Testament, six of which refer to the people of Israel
(Exod. 19:5; Deut. 7:6; 14:2; 26:18; Ps. 135:4; Mal. 3:17). The other two texts make
clear that the word denotes possessions. In 1Chr. 29:3, David says that in addi-
tion to all that he has already provided for the temple, he wants to give even
more:יש לי סגלה זהב וכסף
.In Qoh. 2:8, Qoheleth says that he gathered for him-
self silver and gold andסגלהof kings and of the provinces. In these two texts,
סגלהis a property with two characteristics. First, it is a personal property (cf.לי
in both texts).271 Second, it is a precious property. In both texts, it is mentioned
together with silver and gold, and its context makes clear that it is something
valuable.272 ...”
“... In a metaphorical sense,סגלה
“ ,personal, precious property”, is applied to
the people of Israel. In Deut. 7:6, the element of personal property is evident
from the wordsלהיות לו
(cf. Ps. 135:4, whereלסגלתוandלוare paralleled). The
element of preciousness is reflected in Deut. 26:19, where a formulation similar
to Deut. 7:6 is continued by Yhwh’s promise that He will set Israel high above
all nations, in praise, in fame, and in honour.
The metaphorical meaning ofסגלהalso occurs in Ugarit and Mesopotamia.
In Ugarit, the word sglt is used in a letter from the Hittite king to the king
of Ugarit (ktu 2.39).273 The Hittite king, Suppiluliuma ii (1205–1175 b.c.),274
blames his vassal Ammurapi (1205–1175 b.c.) that he has not come to him for
two years now, as was prescribed in earlier treaties, and that he has failed
to fulfill certain obligations. Because the text has not been preserved in its
entirety, several elements from the letter are debated. The lines that contain
the word sglt, however, are fairly clear.275 ...”
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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