Texts in Conversation
Proverbs 30 places the appetite of Death known from the Baal Cycle among everyday examples of things that never have enough, bringing an older divine threat into practical wisdom.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.5 II:4
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
[…] He extends a lip to the earth, a lip to the heavens, he extends a tongue to the stars. Baal must enter his belly, down into hs mouth he must go, since he scorched the olive, the produce of the earth, and the fruit of the trees. Valiant Baal was afraid of him; Valiant Warrior was in dread of him. Depart, say to divine Mot, declare to the Beloved of El, the hero: Message of Valiant Baal, word of Valiant Warrior: Greetings, O divine Mot, your servant am I, and forever. The gods departed and did not stay. Then they set their faces towards divine Mot (death), towards his city Muddy, a pit the seat of his enthronement, a crevice the land of his inheritance. They lifted lip their voices and cried: Message of Valiant Baal, word of Valiant Warrior: Greetings, O divine Mot, your servant am I, and forever so.
Proverbs 30:16
Hebrew Bible
15 The leech has two daughters: “Give! Give!” There are three things that will never be satisfied, four that have never said, “Enough”— 16 the grave, the barren womb; earth has not been satisfied with water; and fire has never said, “Enough!” 17 The eye that mocks at a father and despises obeying a mother—the ravens of the valley will peck it out, and the young vultures will eat it. 18 There are three things that are too wonderful for me, four that I do not understand: 19 the way of an eagle in the sky, the way of a snake on a rock, the way of a ship in the sea, and the way of a man with a woman. 20 This is the way of an adulterous woman: She has eaten and wiped her mouth and has said, “I have not done wrong.”
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Notes and References
“... Th e third part of the template as seen in the Baal Cycle involves the mythology of
Baal’s confl ict with Death and the underworld. Th ere is some mythology of Death in
the Psalms ( DDD 598–603), but unlike the Baal-Mot confl ict in the Baal Cycle, it is not
represented as a matter of confl ict between Yahweh and Death personifi ed. Still some
imagery for Death in the Psalms (141:7; cf. Isa. 5:14; Hab. 2:5; Prov. 1:12; 27:20; 30:15–16)
echoes the traditional language found in the Baal Cycle: “One lip to the earth, one lip
to the heavens; . . . his tongue to the stars. Baal must enter inside him; he must go down
into his mouth” (KTU 1.5 II 2–5, SAC 141; cf. KTU 1.23.61–63, SAC 165). Th is mythic
image of the cosmic enemy’s ravenous mouth is transferred to descriptions of human
enemies (Ps. 73:9; cf. Isa 9:19). Another image of Death represents him as a shepherd
leading people to the underworld (Ps. 49:15[14]); this metaphor has been read in light of
the warning not to get too close to Death so that he not take “like a lamb in his mouth”
(KTU 1.4 VIII 14–20, SAC 138). Th e Psalter shows considerable underworld imagery
that is paralleled in the Baal-Mot section of the Baal Cycle. One example from this vast
subject (Tromp 1969) may illustrate: the Pit is a metaphor for the underworld (e.g., KTU
1.4 VIII 12, SAC 138; Ps 88:5[4] ), an image that may have been drawn from pit burials. ...”
Smith, Mark S.
"Canaanite Backgrounds to the Psalms" in Brown, William P. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms
(p. 52) Oxford University Press, 2014
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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