“... At this juncture, we may take stock of the Mesopotamian and Ugaritic traditions and the comparable material in the Bible pertaining to the cosmic enemies. First of all, ancient Israel inherited the names of some of the cosmic enemies from West Semitic culture (which it shares with Ugarit). Baal confronts four foes with basically the same names in the Ugaritic material and Yahweh in the Bible: Sea (Hebrew ya¯m, Ugaritic ym);70 biblical Leviathan (liwya¯ta¯n) and Ugaritic ltn;71 bib- lical tannı¯n, Ugaritic tnn (tunnanu in the Ugaritic polyglot,72 spelled Tunnanu in the English translation later); and biblical Mawet and Ugaritic Mot, both literally meaning “Death.”73 For Baal, most are enemies of old, but Sea (Yamm) and Death (Mot) are ongoing threats, a notion entirely missing from most biblical or Meso- potamian conflict stories, though not from biblical apocalyptic and other genres. Second, just as these cosmic enemies are mentioned as Baal’s or Anat’s old enemies, they are known in Israelite tradition as enemies of Yahweh, the warrior god. Three of these enemies appear in Psalm 74:12–17: Yet, O God, my king from of old, Maker of deliverance throughout the world, You are the one who smashed Sea with your Might, Cracked the heads of the Tannin in the waters; You are the one who crushed the heads of Leviathan, Left him as food . . . 74 You are the one who broke open springs and streams, You are the one who dried up the Mighty Rivers. To You belongs the day, Yours too the night, You are the one who established the Light of the Sun. You are the one who fixed all the boundaries of the world, Summer and winter—it was You who fashioned them. Here the cosmic enemies’ defeat serves as prelude to creation. In contrast, Isaiah 27:1 presents Leviathan’s defeat as a sign of the end-times. Isaiah 25:8 likewise proclaims a reversal of the power of the cosmic enemy, Death. The image of God there swallowing up Death reverses the comparable image of Death’s demanding to swallow Baal in Ugaritic (CAT 1.5 I 6–8, II 2–6). ...”