Texts in Conversation
Psalm 93 shares Baal's contest with Sea in the Baal Cycle, making God's strength over the roaring waters proof that his kingship cannot be shaken.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.2 IV:25
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
You, your name is 'All-Driver' All-Driver, drive Yamm away, drive Yamm from his throne, Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!' Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm, the brow of Ruler Nahar. Yamm collapsed in a heap; he fell to the ground. His joints trembled, and his visage was discomposed. Baal gathered Up and drank Prince Yamm to the dregs, he exterminated Ruler Nahar. By name Athtart chided him Dry him Up, O Valiant Baal! Dry him up, O Charioteer of the Clouds! For our captive is Prince [Yamm], [for]
Psalm 93:4
Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord reigns. He is robed in majesty. The Lord is robed; he wears strength around his waist. Indeed, the world is established; it cannot be moved. 2 Your throne has been secure from ancient times; you have always been king. 3 The waves roar, O Lord, the waves roar, the waves roar and crash. 4 Above the sound of the surging water, and the mighty waves of the sea, the Lord sits enthroned in majesty. 5 The rules you set down are completely reliable. Holiness aptly adorns your house, O Lord, forever.
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Notes and References
“... Ugaritic texts (KTU 1.3 III 38–42; KTU 1.5 I 1–8; and KTU 1.83) refer
ence Baʿlu and ʿAnatu defeating Yammu and/or Lōtanu. Within the bibli
cal anthology, many texts emphasize Yahweh’s authority over the sea (Ps
93:1–5; Ps 29:3; Ps 65:8; Nah 1:3b–5; Ps 104; Ps 33; Job 7:12 Job 9:8; Job 38:4a,
8–11, 16); some use the conflict motif to promote Yahweh’s royal author
ity (Ps 93 and Ps 29); several describe battles against Rahab, Leviathan,
dragon/s, Sea, and/or the sea (Ps 89:6–15, Ps 74:12–17, Job 26:10–13),
though we also have descriptions of Leviathan as Yahweh’s plaything (Ps
104 and Job 40–41); and many passages interweave the conflict motif with
creation themes in order to portray Yahweh’s dominion as universal (Ps
89:6–15, Ps 74:12–17, Ps 104:2–6; Job 38). Ugaritic and biblical literatures
promote the prowess of Baʿlu and Yahweh, respectively, through reference
to their defeat of Lōtanu/Leviathan, a multi-headed serpent. Judean and
Mesopotamian combat traditions share use of the conflict motif to sup
port the claim that the victorious warrior deity is incomparable. Mari letter
A.1968 preserves reference to Adad defeating the sea as well. Though we
have no full narratives of Yahweh or Adad defeating divine enemies, these
victorious warrior deities, along with Baʿlu, Ninurta, Marduk, and Aššur,
attained their kingship and dominion through combat with their enemies.
I describe examples of the conflict motif that focus primarily on the status
of the victorious deity as primary application of the motif. ...”
Ballentine, Debra Scoggins
The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition
(p. 124) Oxford University Press, 2015
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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