Texts in Conversation

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis describe final flood preparations by loading people, animals, and supplies onto the ark, then sealing it with a direct command. The similarity and focus on completeness reflect a common ancient Near Eastern tradition.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Epic of Gilgamesh XI 84

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
81 [Everything I had] I loaded aboard it, 82 I loaded aboard it whatever silver I had, 83 I loaded aboard it whatever gold I had, 84 I loaded aboard it whatever seed I had of living things, each and every one. 85 All my kith and kin I sent aboard the boat, 86 I sent aboard animals of the wild, creatures of the wild, persons of every skill and craft. 87 Šamaš had set me a deadline– 88 “In the morning he will rain down bread-cakes on us, in the evening a torrent of wheat. 89 Go into the boat and seal your hatch!”– 90 “That time had arrived: 91 “In the morning he will rain down bread-cakes, in the evening, a torrent of wheat.” 92 I watched the look of the weather: 93 The weather was frightening to see; 94 I went into the boat and sealed my hatch. 95 To the man who sealed the boat, to the ship-wright Puzur-Enlil, 96 I gave the palace with all its goods.
Date: 2100 B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)

Genesis 7:1

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord said to Noah, “Come into the ark, you and all your household, for I consider you godly among this generation. 2 You must take with you seven pairs of every kind of clean animal, the male and its mate, two of every kind of unclean animal, the male and its mate, 3 and also seven pairs of every kind of bird in the sky, male and female, to preserve their offspring on the face of the entire earth. 4 For in seven days I will cause it to rain on the earth for 40 days and 40 nights, and I will wipe from the face of the ground every living thing that I have made.” 5 And Noah did all that the Lord commanded him.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#3461
"... The exact nature of the biblical flood story's journey from its distant pre–Israelite origins may be as unknowable as both its original form and its exact relationship to known Mesopotamian and connected Hellenistic traditions, but the fact that it took such a journey is beyond question ... Meaningful comparison and contrast is limited, however, to a handful of texts possessing geographical and cultural propinquity - the Mesopotamian texts being, The Epic of Atrahasis, Eridu Genesis, Epic of Gilgamesh, and Berossus's Babyloniaca, and the Hellenistic texts being, Bibliotheca, Metamorphosis, and De Syria Dea. Even without discovering Mesopotamian flood texts dating back to the 14th Century BC at Meggido and Ugarit, and back to the 13th at Emar in Syria, the existence of a connection between the biblical flood story and the Mesopotamian tradition would be obvious. The texts all follow a basic pattern, but what are far more important for validating the use of a mythopoetic lens in the reading of the biblical flood narrative are upwards of forty striking similarities in points of detail within this story pattern between the biblical account and these other texts ... Both Noah and Utnapishtim are specifically commanded to enter the ark, and Scripture, Atrahasis, and Berossus have an entrance scene ... Scripture, Atrahasis, Gilgamesh and Ovid all have a scene of flood description with the use of battle language ... Scripture, Gilgamesh, Atrahasis, and Ovid all describe the deaths of all the living ... Scripture and Eridu Genesis both track the movement of the ark across the waters, being lifted and driven in Genesis and tossed about in Eridu Genesis ..."
Sargent, Andrew D. Wind and Water in Gen 8:1 (Part 1): The Calming of the Waters in Gen 8:1 (pp. 1-31) Trinity International University, 2016

* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.

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