Texts in Conversation
Psalm 50 uses the sun's reach to describe divine judgment, like Hammurabi's claim to represent the sun god's justice. The psalm places that worldwide authority with God directly, rather than with a king acting on a god's behalf.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Code of Hammurabi 1:4
Babylonian Legal Text
Ancient Near East
They called Babylon by his illustrious name, made it great on earth, and founded in it an everlasting kingdom whose foundations are laid as solidly as those of heaven and earth. Then Anu and Bel called me by name: Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who revered the gods, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers. So that the strong should not harm the weak, so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash and enlighten the land, and further the well-being of mankind. I am Hammurabi, the prince called by Bel, who heaped up riches and plenty, who enriched Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, the sublime patron of E-kur, who restored Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu.
Psalms 50:1
Hebrew Bible
1 A psalm by Asaph. El, God, the Lord has spoken, and summoned the earth to come from the east and west. 2 From Zion, the most beautiful of all places, God has come in splendor. 3 “May our God come and not be silent.” Consuming fire goes ahead of him, and all around him a storm rages. 4 He summons the heavens above, as well as the earth, so that he might judge his people. 5 He says: “Assemble my covenant people before me, those who ratified a covenant with me by sacrifice.” 6 The heavens declare his fairness, for God is judge. (Selah) 7 He says: “Listen, my people. I am speaking! Listen, Israel. I am accusing you. I am God, your God!
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Notes and References
“... 50:1-4. sun god as judge imagery. There is a drawing at the top of the seven-foot-high diorite pillar containing a copy of Hammurabi’s law code. It depicts the Babylonian sun god Shamash seated on his throne with Hammurabi standing before him. In the prologue that follows, the king accepts the responsibility “to make justice prevail in the land” and “to rise like Shamash over all humankind.” He becomes the god’s judicial representative for the Babylonian empire. Shamash’s role as divine judge is also found in Akkadian prayers for forgiveness. The Egyptian Hymn to the Aten, composed for the court of Pharaoh Akhenaten in the fourteenth century B.C., contains creation imagery very similar to that in this psalm. This is especially the case with regard to a sense of order and universality: “Your glory shines high above the land; your rays enrich the land you have created.” See the comment on God as judge in the sidebar on common concepts in Psalms. ...”
Walton, John H.
The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
(p. 531) InterVarsity Press, 2000
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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