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The rule for an uncovered pit in Exodus parallels the responsibility for dangerous construction in Hammurabi's laws. The change from a collapsing house to a falling animal keeps the person who created the danger responsible for the victim's loss.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Code of Hammurabi 1:239

Babylonian Legal Text
Ancient Near East
226 If a barber, without his master's knowledge, cuts the mark of a slave on a slave who is not for sale, the barber's hands shall be cut off. 227 If anyone deceives a barber into marking a slave not for sale with a slave's mark, he shall be put to death and buried in his house. The barber shall swear, "I did not mark him knowingly," and shall go free. 228 If a builder builds a house for someone and completes it, the owner shall pay him a fee of two shekels of silver for each sar of surface. 229 If a builder builds a house for someone and does not build it properly, and the house he built collapses and kills its owner, the builder shall be put to death.
Date: 1750 B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)

Exodus 21:33

Hebrew Bible
33 “If a man opens a pit or if a man digs a pit and does not cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the owner of the pit must repay the loss. He must give money to its owner, and the dead animal will become his. 35 If the ox of one man injures the ox of his neighbor so that it dies, then they will sell the live ox and divide its proceeds, and they will also divide the dead ox. 36 Or if it is known that the ox had the habit of goring, and its owner did not take the necessary precautions, he must surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal will become his.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#7053
“... In terms of distance, this law is not far from Hammurabi’s goring ox law, and it prescribes vicarious punishment, something that CC prohibits in the middle of its goring ox law in verse 31, as noted in the discussion of topic 9. Verse 31 is only two verses away from the negligence law in verses 33–34. Of all the laws that consider vicarious punishment of a child in LH (otherwise, LH 116, 210; CC also has correlates with these laws; see topics 6, 7, and 9), LH 230 is the closest to the situation described in 21:31 in that it involves a case of negligence where a child is the victim. The concerns of LH 229–230 therefore cluster in Exodus 21:31, 33–34. Furthermore, both of the laws in Exodus 21:33–34 and LH 229–230 describe a case of “falling.” The falling is, of course, not the same in the two laws, but the principle of attraction operative in organization and creation of Near Eastern law may have allowed CC to generate its particular law.9 Furthermore, the technique of conceptual inversion, as found between LH 282 and 21:5–6 (see topic 1), may have led to creation of a law about an animal falling in as opposed to a house falling down. ...”

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