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The distinction in Exodus between murder and accidental killing parallels Hammurabi's attention to intent after a fatal fight. A place of refuge protects the accused while that distinction is established, rather than treating every death as murder.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Code of Hammurabi 1:217

Babylonian Legal Text
Ancient Near East
204 If a freed man strikes the body of another freed man, he shall pay ten shekels of silver. 205 If the slave of a freed man strikes the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off. 206 If one man strikes another in a quarrel and wounds him, he shall swear, "I did not injure him deliberately," and pay the physicians. 207 If the man dies of his wound, he shall swear the same oath, and if the dead man was free-born, he shall pay half a mina of silver. 208 If he was a freed man, he shall pay one-third of a mina. 209 If a man strikes a free-born woman so that she loses her unborn child, he shall pay ten shekels for her loss.
Date: 1750 B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)

Exodus 21:13

Hebrew Bible
9 If he designated her for his son, then he will deal with her according to the customary rights of daughters. 10 If he takes another wife, he must not diminish the first one’s food, her clothing, or her marital rights. 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, then she will go out free, without paying money. 12 “Whoever strikes someone so that he dies must surely be put to death. 13 But if he does not do it with premeditation, but it happens by accident, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee. 14 But if a man willfully attacks his neighbor to kill him cunningly, you will take him even from my altar that he may die.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#7051
“... Our starting point is to observe the correlation of CC’s primary homicide and battery laws with those of LH 206–208:1 Exod 21:18–21 LH 206–208 18When men fight and one strikes his fellow with a stone or with a fist (?), and he (the latter) does not die but takes to his bed—19if he gets up and walks about outside on his staff, then the striker is absolved, but he must recompense him for his period of inactivity and provide for his cure. 206If an awīlum strikes another awīlum in a fight and injures him, that awīlum shall swear (saying), “I did not strike him with intent,” and he shall pay the physician. [12He who strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death, 13and he who did not plan it, but the God directed (the victim) to his hand, I will appoint a place for you to which he may flee. 14But if a person plots against his fellow to kill him by deceit, you shall take him from my altar to be put to death.] 207If he dies from his being struck, he shall also swear (as in previous paragraph). If (the victim) is an awīlum, he shall weigh out one-half mina (= thirty shekels) of silver. ...”

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