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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book
Chapter 12

1 For your incorruptible spirit is in all things.⁠ 2 Therefore you convict little by little those who fall from the right way, and, putting them in remembrance by the things in which they sin, you admonish them, that escaping from their wickedness they may believe in you, O Lord.

Judgment and Mercy Toward the Canaanites

3 For truly the old inhabitants of your holy land,⁠ 4 hating them because they practiced detestable works of enchantments and unholy rites—⁠ 5 merciless slaughters of children and sacrificial banquets of men’s flesh and of blood— 6 allies in an impious fellowship, and murderers of their own helpless babes, it was your counsel to destroy by the hands of our fathers;⁠ 7 that the land which in your sight is most precious of all might receive a worthy colony of God’s servants. 8 Nevertheless you even spared these as men, and you sent hornets as forerunners of your army, to cause them to perish little by little.⁠ 9 Not that you were unable to subdue the ungodly under the hand of the righteous in battle, or by terrible beasts or by a stern word to make away with them at once, 10 but judging them little by little you gave them a chance to repent, not being ignorant that their nature by birth was evil, their wickedness inborn, and that their manner of thought would never be changed.⁠ 11 For they were a cursed seed from the beginning.⁠ It wasn’t through fear of any that you left them unpunished for their sins. 12 For who will say, “What have you done?” Or “Who will withstand your judgment?”⁠ Who will accuse you for the perishing of nations which you made? Or who will come and stand before you as an avenger for unrighteous men?⁠ 13 For there isn’t any God beside you that cares for all,⁠ that you might show that you didn’t judge unrighteously. 14 No king or prince will be able to confront you about those whom you have punished. 15 But being righteous, you rule all things righteously, deeming it a thing alien from your power to condemn one who doesn’t deserve to be punished. 16 For your strength is the source of righteousness, and your sovereignty over all makes you forbear all.⁠ 17 For when men don’t believe that you are perfect in power, you show your strength, and in dealing with those who know it, you confuse their boldness. 18 But you, being sovereign in strength, judge in gentleness, and with great forbearance you govern us; for the power is yours whenever you desire it.

Mercy as a Lesson for Israel

19 But you taught your people by such works as these, how the righteous must be kind. You made your sons have good hope, because you give repentance when men have sinned. 20 For if on those who were enemies of your servants and deserving of death, you took vengeance with so great deliberation and indulgence, giving them times and opportunities when they might escape from their wickedness,⁠ 21 with how great care you judged your sons, to whose fathers you gave oaths and covenants of good promises! 22 Therefore while you chasten us, you scourge our enemies ten thousand times more, so that we may ponder your goodness when we judge, and when we are judged may look for mercy.⁠

Wrongdoing and Its Corresponding Punishment

23 Therefore also the unrighteous that lived in a life of folly, you tormented through their own abominations. 24 For truly they went astray very far in the ways of error, taking as gods those animals which even among vile beasts were held in dishonor, deceived like foolish babes. 25 Therefore, as to unreasoning children, you sent your judgment to mock them. 26 But those who would not be admonished by mild correction will experience the deserved judgment of God. 27 For through the sufferings they were indignant of, being punished in these creatures which they supposed to be gods, they saw and recognized as the true God him whom they previously refused to know. Therefore also the result of extreme condemnation came upon them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 9:25 and Wisdom of Solomon 12:11

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Genesis portrays the Canaanites as cursed because of Noah’s judgment on Canaan, linking their curse to specific sins. The Wisdom of Solomon instead depicts the Canaanites as always corrupt, using this view to defend their destruction.

Passages

Genesis 9:25

Hebrew Bible
23 Shem and Japheth took the garment and placed it on their shoulders. Then they walked in backwards and covered up their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned the other way so they did not see their father’s nakedness. 24 When Noah awoke from his drunken stupor he learned what his youngest son had done to him. 25 So he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves he will be to his brothers.” 26 He also said, “Worthy of praise is the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem! 27 May God enlarge Japheth’s territory and numbers! May he live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth!”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Wisdom of Solomon 12:11

Deuterocanon
9 Not that you were unable to subdue the ungodly under the hand of the righteous in battle, or by terrible beasts or by a stern word to make away with them at once, 10 but judging them little by little you gave them a chance to repent, not being ignorant that their nature by birth was evil, their wickedness inborn, and that their manner of thought would never be changed. 11 For they were a cursed seed from the beginning. It wasn’t through fear of any that you left them unpunished for their sins. 12 For who will say, “What have you done?” Or “Who will withstand your judgment?” Who will accuse you for the perishing of nations which you made? Or who will come and stand before you as an avenger for unrighteous men? 13 For there isn’t any God beside you that cares for all, that you might show that you didn’t judge unrighteously.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

References

"... In response to the suggestion that the utter destruction God commanded for the Canaanites is unjust, the sage implies that the total annihilation of the population is justified because every last Canaanite, even the young children, was individually guilty. The sage appeals to their inborn nature to explain how he knows that every Canaanite was deserving of punishment (verse 10). Ben Sira similarly depicts the Canaanites as having been evil from creation (Sirach 33:10-12). Both sages diverge from the biblical depiction of the Canaanites inheriting their inferiority from the punishment of their eponymous ancestor, Canaan, for a sin committed by his father, Ham (Genesis 9:22-27 ... It is possible that the language of cursing in Wisdom of Solomon 12:11 refers to the Genesis account of Noah’s cursing of Canaan). The biblical depiction explains the status of the Canaanites as an intergenerational punishment for human sin. The author of the Wisdom of Solomon explains it as a feature of creation. This explanation seems to be a response to claims that God’s punishment of total annihilation was unjust (see Wisdom of Solomon 12:12). By building their evil nature into creation, God’s justice is vindicated, unless, of course one questions why he would have created an innately wicked people. God, who the sage claims is merciful to all (Wisdom of Solomon 11:23), also loves all of his creations and would not have made anything that he hated (verse 24) ..."
Hilary Claire Kapfer, “Collective Accountability among the Sages of Ancient Israel” (diss., Harvard University, 2013), 185.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 9:25 and Wisdom of Solomon 12:11

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